1. Salman bin Abdulaziz University
College of Science and Humanity Studies, Al-Kharj

2. Department of English
Level8 (2nd Semester)

3. Course Symbol & Code: ENG4860
Course Title :Syntax& Morphology

4. Prepared by
Teacher: Bahia Khalifa Ibrahim

5. Objectives:
The lecture will provide information about the processes of word formation
Different types of these processes.

6. Word-formation
A process with the result of a new lexeme.

7. Derivation: is one of the major processes of word formation in English
Derivation: is one of the major processes of word formation in English. Derivational morphemes can produce new words from existing words in two ways.
First, they can change the meaning of a word. e.g. true, untrue.
Second, they can change the lexical category of a word, e.g.(true) is an adjective, (truly) an adverd, (truth) a noun.

8. Affixation
Preffixation
disrespect
rearrange
Suffixation
harmful
management

9. More Examples for Derivation
Meaning
Prefix
Disrespect, unsteady, antibiotic, deactivate
Opposite, negative
Dis,un, anti, de
Exchange, exarticulate,
Out, upward, previous
-ex
Replay, reopen, reorganize
Again, repeatedly
re-
Non-smoker, nonabsorptive
Absence, negation
Non-

10. Example
Meaning
suffix
Designer, actor, linear
Creates an agent noun
Er,or,ar
Effectiveness, hesitation, treatment
Verb to noun derivation
Ness, ation, ment
merciless
Lack of
less,
Rationalize, memorize, hyphenate
Create verbs
Ize, ate
Accidental, believable imaginary, peaceful
Create adjectives
Al, able, ary, ful

11. Compounding: Examples
There are four kinds of compounding:
Endocentric: A(modifier)+ B( head) sea power
Exocentric: A+B: compound with an unexpressed semantic head: paleface ( they mostly refer to deprecative properties of people)
Copulative: A+B: the sum of what A &B denote: bittersweet

12. Appositional: Different descriptions for a common referent: singer-songwriter
Some compounds are hyphenated, others are written separately and some are written as one word

13. Non-affixation
Blending
bromance
Borrowing
Boss, piano, alcohol
Initialism&
Acronyms
DNA,NATO, UNESCO,

14. Blending: Examples Fanzine: fan+ magazine Spork: spoon+fork
Spanglish: Spanish+ English

15. Borrowing& Calque: Examples
Borrowing is the process of actually taking words from other languages.
Risk: Italian
Basmati: Hindi Something with a pleasant aroma
Prima donna: Italian ill-tempered person
Calque: Another term for loan translation, describes the process of literally or word-for-word translations to create new words: skycraper , loan word

16. Intialism& Acronomy: They are shortenings, build from the initial letters in a phrase or name.
Acronoms are pronounced as single words
( NASA, AIDS)
Intialisms are pronounced as a sequence of letters: DNA,USA, ICU

17. Sub-divisions of Acronyms & Initialims:
Acronyms containing non-initial letters: Interpol: International Criminal Police Organization
Radar: radio detection and ranging

18. Pronounced as a combination as Acronyms & Initialims: CD-ROM, JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group
Recursive Initialims: In which the abbreviation refers to itself: PHP-PHP hypertexet pre-processor
Pseudo- Initialims: Consists of a sequence of characters that when pronounced as intended, invoke other, longer words( IOU, CU) I owe you, See you

19. Neologism/Coinage
Inventing entirely new words: Xerox, Kleenex, Nutella
Eponyms: Words that are based on the name of a person or a place: watt, ohm, volt

20. Reduplication/ Echoism
A special kind of compounding, it is a repetition of a syllable or the word as whole( sometimes vowel change) and then putting them together:
bye-bye(exact reduplication)
super-duper( rhyming reduplication)
chit-chat, ding-dang( ablaut reduplication) motion
Reduplication is used to denote plurality, intensification or repeated action.

21. Onomatopoeia
The formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named: bloop, splash, spray, sprinkle, squirt, drip, drizzle, bang, boom, meow, boo,
The buzzing bee flew away.
The sack fell into the river with a splash.
The books fell on the table with a loud thump.
He looked at the roaring sky.
The rustling leaves kept me awake.

22. Important sites English Grammar: Learn about Word Formation
English Grammar: Learn about Word Formation
Morphology Word Formation(for more examples)