1. Physical Therapist Assistant Standard 4 and 5 Objective 5 and 4
Kaitie and Julia

2. Objective 5: question 1
Compare and contrast the difference between slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers and the type of athletic performance each influence.
Slow twitch
Slow twitch muscle fibers rely on a rich supply of oxygenated blood as they use oxygen to produce energy for muscle contraction.
Fast twitch
Fast twitch muscles generate short bursts of strength or speed than slow muscles. However, they fatigue quickly.

3. Objective 5: question 2
Compare and contrast different types of movement related to strength training
Isoemtric/isotonic/ isokinetic
Contractions of a particular muscle or group of muscles. During isometric exercises, the muscle doesn't noticeably change length and the affected joint doesn't move.
Eccentric/ concentric
Eccentric is a type of muscle activation that increases tension on a muscle as it lengthens, while concentric lengthen the muscles.
Closed chain/ open chain
Closed chain is where a hand (for arm movements) or foot (for leg movements) is fixed and cannot move.
Open chain is where the hand or foot is free to move and is not fixed.
Plyometric
Also known as “jump training”, where there are short bursts or intervals of maximum muscle force.

4. Objective 5: question 3 Identify methods of resistance
Volume and Intensity are key for resistance training.
Examples of exercises include:
Without weights:
Chin-ups
Push-ups
Sit-ups
With weights
Squats
Biceps curls
Bench press
Shoulder press

5. Objective 5: question 4
Apply general conditioning principles to improve strength:
Speed: To increase speed, use maximum force at high velocities.
Muscular endurance: Increasing strength will improve muscle endurance, as well as varying intensity, and increasing the volume of the workout
Power: Resistance training will help create to build muscle and fast twitch muscle which improves power.

6. Questions related to exam
How can muscle endurance be increased?
a. High repetition, high resistance
b. Low resistance, low repetition
c. High resistance, low repetition----
d. Low resistance, high repetition

7. Question 45
45. Pushing against a wall is an example of what kind of contraction?
a. Eccentric
b. Isokinetic
c. Concentric
d. Isometric

8. Question 25
25. What does the treatment of an athlete having a seizure include? a. Hold the arms and legs down b. Put a tongue depressor into the mouth c. Make sure the athlete is safe and protected---- d. Put the athlete on a backboard immediately

9. Question 26
26. What term is used to describe decreasing the size of a muscle?
a. Atrophy-----
b. Hypertrophy
c. Isometric
d. Isotonic

10. Question 33 33. Match each activity to the appropriate category
Closed chain exercises Open chain exercises
Push up Throwing
Squat Leg extension
Bicep Curl

11. Standard 5

12. Standard 5- Objective 4
Identify the components of a pre and post event meal and explain the value of each
Pre-event meals, typically should include carbohydrate and protein, and should be consumed 1-3 hours before the event.
Post-event meals, should be full of carbohydrates and should be consumed about 30 minutes after the workout or event.

13. Objective 4: question 1
Describe recommended nutrient percentages of pre and post event meals
Pre-workout:
75% should include carbohydrates
25% protein
Post-workout:
Main goal is hydration. It is key to keep muscles lubricated and your body sufficiently hydrated.
Again protein and carbohydrates are important but for the purpose of rebuilding micro- tears in various muscles and to prevent soreness.

14. Objective 4: question 2 Identify foods that are easily digested
Simple carbohydrates are easily digested and good for immediate energy.
Fruits; bananas, oranges, berries etc.
Oats
Almonds
Seeds, such as hemp seeds
Mushrooms

15. Objective 4: question 3 Identify foods that should be avoided Caffeine
Fast foods, that are high in fat, salt, and sugar
Salty foods, we tend to consume too much salt so staying away for extra salty food is key.
Excess sugar.

16. Questions related to exam
6. What food types should the pre-game meal primarily include?
a. Fats
b. Carbohydrates------
c. Electrolytes
d. Proteins

17. Question 43
43. What pattern of nutritional training is conducted to maximize glycogen stores?
a. Protein loading
b. Carbohydrate loading-----
c. Fluid replacement
d. Mineral supplementation