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Fish and Wildlife in America
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Renewable resources usually taken for granted
we have developed an attitude that there will always be more Animals fall into this category
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Renewable resources ability to reproduce many species have died out
management of wildlife resources is important
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Wildlife living things that are neither human or domesticated
especially birds, mammals, fishes includes both plant and animal life
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Wildlife we will concentrate on higher life forms vertebrates
lower forms of plant and animal life are also important in maintaining a balance
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United States estimated that the continental U.S. contains over 2,300 different vertebrate species. Game animals make up only a small portion of this number
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Early Pioneers depended on these birds, mammals and fish to survive
meat supplied food skins used for shelter and clothing oil kept firearms usable
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Early Pioneers oil used to light cabins
with out wildlife resources the wilderness would have never been conquered.
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World Fur Trade America was well established at the cost of wildlife
trappers took the animals faster than they could multiply treated the resources as a crop
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Wildlife killed many because they appeared hostile
bears, wildcats - danger to people many species were killed because they threatened the safety of domestic animals
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Wrongly accused hawks were thought to kill chickens
mass destruction of hawks took place
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hawks stomach contents found to contain 40% insects, 30% frogs
23% rats and mice, 3.4% small birds 2% aquatic wildlife
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stomach contents .5% game birds .5% rabbits
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Red Tail hawks poultry parts were discovered but those parts were only a small percentage of the diet original premise was unfounded.
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Rare or Endangered few in number
1966 Endangered Species Preservation Act Endangered Species Conservation Act
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Congressional Acts protect fish and wildlife on a worldwide basis
protection and conservation of species of native fish known to be threatened with extinction
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1969 amendment dealt with importation of endangered species into the US from anywhere in the world called for formation of an endangered species list
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1969 amendment list is updated every 5 years
1970 the list contained 133 species of mammals 124 birds, 24 reptiles 25 fish, 1 mollusk
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Extinct species no longer exist outside of museums or photographs
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Rare species one that is no longer common
in in danger of becoming extinct zoos may hold the last examples of the species
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Extinct Species Passenger Pigeon
at one time the population was thought to be in the billions flew in enormous flocks John Audubon estimated on flock he saw at over one billion
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Passenger Pigeon large flocks would strip all the foliage
leaving the area bare people declared war on the birds killing all they could find
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Passenger Pigeon captured the young and killed them, shipped them to cities as food flocks soon disappeared NY, PA and MA passed laws to protect them
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Passenger Pigeon laws were too late
birds held in captivity would not breed last known passenger pigeon died in the Cincinnati Zoo in 1914
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Passenger Pigeon body of last passenger pigeon is on display at the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, DC
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Extinct Species Carolina Parakeet Heath Hen Labrador Duck
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Carolina Parakeet sought for their colorful feathers which were used in women’s hats final extinction came in 1914
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Heath Hen relative of the prairie chicken
used for food by early settlers bird sanctuary set up in the early 1900’s
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Heath Hen Fire swept through the sanctuary a few males survived
last bird died in 1932
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Labrador Duck became extinct before anyone realized it was gone
most birds were killed for their feathers which were used to stuff pillows
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Endangered Mammals 133 on the endangered list distributed by the US Dept. of the Interior
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Common endangered big horn sheep, polar bears, key deer, wolves
mountain lions most hunted extensively without considering extinction
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Big Horn Sheep threatened by extinction from two sides
humans and disease large sheep, relatives of domestic sheep
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Big Horn Sheep live high in the mountains above the tree line
6-7 feet in length have long curved horns
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Big Horn Sheep are hunted for trophies
many carcasses are found with head removed very alert are under protection of game laws some are being kept in wildlife reserves
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Polar Bears important source of food for Eskimos
fur is used for clothing meat is used for food airplane hunting is being used to kill vast amounts each year
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Polar Bears Females produce only 2 young each year
stay with mother for 10 months Canada and Soviet Union have laws to protect these animals
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Key Deer smallest white tail deer killed for trophies
strict laws prohibiting hunting population increased from 30 to 300 because of wildlife refuges
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Wolves wolves resemble dogs hunt in packs at night
pack consists of young and old female bears 5-14 pups in a den guarded by the male male and female mate for life
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Wolves feed on domestic livestock there have been bounties on wolves
now bounties can only exist if the population endanger the deer population
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Mountain Lions has been eliminated in eastern US hunt at night
feed mainly on deer humans hunt frequently are hunted for skins and heads. Hunting is not allowed in national parks, but are hunted in forest areas
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Endangered Birds there are 124 birds on the endangered species list.
The most common are the whooping crane, bald eagle, ivory-billed woodpecker, and prairie chicken.
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Whooping Crane migrate from Texas to Canada each year
many are hunted during migration nest up to two young per year the young fly south with adults
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Whooping Crane when birds return to Arkansas Wildlife Refuge each year they are counted. The count has steadily increased at the present time there are only 51 whooping cranes
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Bald Eagles Has a white head and tail bald eagles feed on dead salmon
bounties have been places for their talons are now protected by law
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Bald Eagles $500 fine for tampering with an eagle or its nest
the number to bald eagles continues to drop take young 4 years to mature can live up to 100 years
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Ivory-billed Woodpecker
largest woodpecker in North America lives in southern states nests in tops of old forests eat insects and grubs found in old and dying trees
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Ivory-billed Woodpecker
are being held in secret reserves and one day they will be reintroduced to the public
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Prairie Chickens is a type of grouse
Indian dances imitated their mating dances oil drilling and drought dwindled the population in 1959 the Prairie Chicken Foundation was formed to protect them
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Endangered Fish there are 25 fish on endangered species list
2 species are located in Mammoth Caves and Death Valley (pupfish and blind fish)
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