1. Church Reform and the Crusades

2. The Age of Faith
Starting in 900s, monasteries help bring about a spiritual revival
Monastery at Cluny in France led the spiritual revival and establishes new religious orders

3. Problems in the Church Church officials begin to marry
Simony—selling religious offices
Kings use lay investiture to appoint bishops
Illiterate priests and popes
Cant really read the bible if you cant read…

4. Reform and the Church Organization
Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII led the reforming popes and in 1100s reorganized the Church as a kingdom
Papal Curia (pope’s advisors) make Church laws
Developed canon law and act as the court
Decides cases on canon law (marriage, divorce, and inheritance)
Church collects tithes (10%) and uses money to care for sick, poor

5. New Religious Orders
Monks and Friars: both vows of chastity, poverty and obedience
Unlike monks, friars preached to the poor and did NOT live in monasteries
Dominican and Franciscan orders form
Some new orders for women are founded

6. St. Francis of Assisi Founded the Franciscans
After being captured and imprisoned during a local war, he had a serious spiritual experience
At 20, he gave up his wealth
Turns to preaching, working, & begging for food
His simplicity, joyful nature, and love of others attract followers
Stressed importance of animals

7. Religious Order for Women
Participate in spiritual revival
Not allowed to travel as preachers
Took care of the sick and helped poor
Some joined the Dominicans
In 1212, the Franciscan order, the Poor Clares, is founded by Clare and St. Francis

8. Hildegard of Bingen
Entered convent at 8 (Began experiencing prophetic visions at age 3)
Became abbess by 24
Wrote 3 books about her mystical visions concerning Lucifer, the Creation, and the Last Judgment
Popes, emperors, kings, bishops, abbots etc. sought her advice as a mystic
Composed musical plays
Contributed to the body of music called “Gregorian” chant
On the day she died, brilliant crosses and circles were said to be seen in the skies

9. Cathedrals-Cities of God
Church’s wealth could be seen everywhere in the Middle Ages
Cathedrals

10. Early Cathedrals
Between 800–1100, churches are built in Romanesque style
Style includes thick walls and pillars, small windows, round arches
Very little light

11. Romanesque Arch

12. Gothic Cathedrals Gothic style evolves around 1100
Style has large, tall windows for more light; pointed arches, tall spires, high ceilings
100s of sculptures and stain glass windows that illustrate stories
About 500 Gothic churches are built from 1170 to 1270
Notre Dame (“Our Lady”) in Paris

13. Architecture & Engineering of the Cathedrals
Pointed, ribbed vaults that supported the roofs weight & framed huge stained-glass windows
Creates upward movement
Allows for height
Flying-buttresses that support walls from outside and act as wind braces
Distributes weight of vaulted ceilings outward & down
Helped hold up the high walls

14. Stained Glass Art form of Middle Ages
Illustrate Biblical stories for illiterate peasants
Created by adding cobalt, silver, iron, or copper oxides to glass
Details painted on and then fired in a kiln
Chartes Cathedral in France has more than 150

15. The Last Judgement in Notre Dame
A bas-relief of The Last Judgment, from the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. The central portal in medieval cathedrals featured the story of the Last Judgment, the time of eternal reward and punishment. Since the majority of the people were illiterate, a forceful, graphic picture showing the reward for a good life and the punishment for a bad life would encourage the people to lead moral lives. The lower panel shows the dead rising from their tombs on the last day. Above that an angel holds the scale that determines eternal life. The saved are on the left (Christ's right) and the damned on the right (Christ's left); the devil eagerly drags the condemned into hell

16. What does the construction of Gothic cathedrals tell us about the people’s religious beliefs?
People worked long and hard to build the cathedrals with few tools because their beliefs were so strong.

17. The Crusades
In 1093, Byzantine emperor asks for help fighting the Muslim Turks
Threatening to conquer Constantinople

18. Popes call for Crusade
Pope Urban II issues a call for a Crusade—a “holy war”
“All who die… whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission (forgiveness) of sins.”

19. Goals of the Crusades
Pope wants to reclaim Jerusalem and reunite Christianity (for God—religious zeal)
Kings use the Crusades to send away knights who cause trouble
Younger sons hope to earn land or win glory by fighting
Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain wealth through trade
Adventure

20. The First Crusade 3 armies gather at Constantinople in 1097
Knights & all classes
Mostly French, but Germans, Englishmen, Scots, Italians, Spaniards
Ill-prepared
No strategy
Nobles argue amongst themselves
No adequate supplies

21. Capture of Jerusalem Army of 12,000 besieges Jerusalem
On July 15, 1099, Crusaders capture Jerusalem

22. Crusader States
Crusaders acquire a narrow strip of land from Edessa to Jerusalem
Captured lands along coast divided into four Crusader states
Ruled by European nobles

23. Second Crusade
Muslims take back Edessa in 1144; Second Crusade fails to retake it
In 1187 Saladin—Muslim leader and warrior—retakes Jerusalem

24. Third Crusade Third Crusade led by three powerful rulers
Richard the Lion-Hearted—king of England
Phillip II of France abandons Crusade after arguing with Richard
Frederick I of Germany drowns during the journey
In 1192 Richard and Saladin agreed to a truce after many battles
Terms: Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows unarmed Christian pilgrims to enter city

25. Crusades

26. Fourth Crusade
The knights did not even reach the Holy Land. They looted Constantinople.
A nephew of the city’s ruler at that time sought his uncle’s throne. He asked for help in getting it, promising one of the Crusade leaders to put the Eastern Empire back under the control of Rome. He also offered the riches of Constantinople.
They landed in 1203 and after a long war, the nephew seized the throne. The Crusaders waited outside for their promised riches. When the nephew himself was overthrown, the Crusaders entered the city, killing citizens and seizing what they felt they were owed.

27. Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople, 12, April 1204, Eugene Delacroix, 1840

28. Children’s Crusade 1212 In France 30,000 children led by a 12 year old
Many died or were sold into slavery
In Germany, 20,000 left for Rome. Pope told them to return home. Only about 2,000 survived the trip back to Germany

29. Spanish Crusade Muslims in Spain called Moors
controlled most of Spain until the 1100s.
Reconquista – Spanish Christians kicking the Muslims out of Spain
By 1492 the leaders of Spain (Ferdinand and Isabella) finally drove the Muslims out of Spain

30. Inquisition Court held by the Church to suppress heresy
Many Jews and Muslims converted to Christianity
Still suspected these converts of heresy
Many were tortured and some burned at the stake
In 1492, the monarchs expelled all practicing JEWS and MUSLIMS from Spain

31. Effects of the Crusades
Byzantine Empire is weakened
Pope’s power declines
Power of feudal lord weakens
Kings become stronger
Many knights die
Religious intolerance grows.
Italian cities expand trade and grow rich
Muslims increasingly distrust Christians.
Trade grows between Europe and the Middle East
European technology improves as Crusaders learn from Muslims.
For Jews in Europe, the Crusades were a time of increased persecution