1. Bill of Rights Review 1-5
Speech, Press, Petition, Assembly, and Religion
Right to Bear Arms
Freedom from Quartering of Soldiers in Homes
Freedom from Unreasonable Search & Seizure
No Double Jeopardy, No Self-incrimination, Due Process required, eminent domain

2. Bill of Rights Review 6-10
Right to a speedy trial by impartial jury, right to be informed of charges, and to an attorney
Right to Trial by jury in civil law suits
No excessive bail, no cruel and unusual punishment
Right not listed in constitution retained by the people
States can make laws about issues not in the constitution

3. Civil Liberties

4. Civil Liberties Legal constitutional protections against government
Formally set down in the Bill of Rights, the courts, police and legislatures define their meaning.

5. Barron v. Baltimore (1833)
Case that determined that the Bill of Rights only applied to the Federal Government

6. Bringing the Bill of Rights to the States
The Supreme Court began reading the BoR through the 14th Amendment’s Due Process clause.
The Due Process clause guarantees fair treatment under the law to all citizens regardless of what state they are in (14th amendment was passed after the civil war to try to guarantee former slaves their rights in the South)
Selective Incorporation/Incorporation doctrine is the application of the BoR to state governments.

8. The Bill of Rights Gits Lower
Gitlow v New York
The ACLU argued on his behalf
The decision:
"For present purposes we may and do assume that" the rights of freedom of speech and freedom of the press were "among the fundamental personal rights and 'liberties' protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the states".
This begins Incorporation and allows the Bill of Rights to “Gitlow”

9. Religion
The first amendment states, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.”
The first part is called the establishment clause and states that the government can’t set up an official religion. This is characterized as freedom from religion.
The second part is called the free exercise clause and states that the people can practice whatever religion they want. This is characterized as freedom of religion.

10. Two schools of thought
“Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only, & not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should "make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof," thus building a wall of separation between Church & State. “
Separationists- believe the establishment clause of the 1st amendment requires building a “wall of separation” between church and state.
Not used until 1802 by Jefferson
Accommodationists- believe the establishment clause of the 1st amendment would permit the government to provide financial support for certain religious institutions and programs or sponsor specific religious practices, such as prayer in public schools.

11. OPINION-Which do you agree with more, separationists or accommodationists?

12. How does the Supreme Court decide if the government is establishing religion?
Lemon Test- established after Lemon v. Kurtzman, a 3 part test for establishment clause violations
Does the law or practice have a secular (nonreligious) purpose? YES
Does the primary intent or effect of the law either advance or inhibit religion? NO
Does the law or practice create an excessive entanglement of government and religion? NO
Pass!
If the answer is different than these the measure fails the test.
OPINION- Do you think that if teachers were to lead prayers before every class period in a public school it would pass the Lemon test? How about Marian?

13. The Right to Bear Arms
2nd Amendment “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed”
Recently, the supreme court has made it clear that the “right of the people” is an individual right, not a right reserved for those in military service (DC v. Heller)

14. The Right to Bear Arms (cont.)
However Scalia also states in his opinion, “The Constitution leaves the District of Columbia a variety of tools for combating that problem, including some measures regulating handguns.”
The second Amendment was recently incorporated in 2010 by the case McDonald v. Chicago.

15. OPINION
Do you believe that the second amendment is intended as an individual or collective right?

16. Search and Seizure rights
4th amendment “the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizure, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probably clause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.”

17. On May 23, 1957, police officers in a Cleveland, Ohio suburb received information that a suspect in a bombing case, as well as some illegal betting equipment, might be found in the home of Mapp. Three officers went to the home and asked for permission to enter, but Mapp refused to admit them without a search warrant. Two officers left, and one remained. Three hours later, the two returned with several other officers. Brandishing a piece of paper, they broke in the door. Mapp asked to see the “warrant” and took it from an officer, putting it in her dress. The officers struggled with Mapp and took the piece of paper away from her. They handcuffed her for being “belligerent.” They did not find the bombing suspect or the gambling equipment. They did, however, find pornographic material in a dresser in her room. She was arrested, prosecuted, and found guilty for possession of pornographic material.

18. Mapp v. Ohio
Exclusionary rule- under this rule, evidence that is obtained improperly by the police cannot be used to prosecute someone accused of a crime

19. Right to Privacy The word privacy does not appear in the constitution.
Nevertheless, the Supreme Court has used its interpretive powers to recognize a right to privacy that protects people from government interference in a number of contexts.

20. Right to Privacy (cont.)
In 1986 Bowers v. Hardwick, the court said the constitution did not protect individuals of the same gender’s sexual conduct.
This was overturned in 2003 by Lawrence v. Texas by asserting a right to privacy.
This “right to privacy” has been the basis of the courts decisions to strike down laws banning birth control in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) and abortion in Roe v. Wade (1973)
Do you see an implied right to privacy in the constitution?

21. Self-incrimination
The fifth amendment gives people the right to not incriminate themselves.
Incriminating statements must be made voluntarily, not under coercion (threats of violence or actual violence)
Miranda v. Arizona- supreme court decision that requires police officers, before questioning a suspect in custody, to inform that suspect about the right to remain silent and to have an attorney present during questioning.

22. THINK, PAIR, SHARE-What do you think
THINK, PAIR, SHARE-What do you think? Who has the responsibility of preventing self-incrimination?

23. Sixth and Eighth Amendment
Speedy Trial and public trial with a jury of their peers
Right to confront witnesses and attorney
8th Amendment-
No excessive bail or fines
No cruel and unusual punishment
OPINION- Is beating a prisoner cruel and unusual punishment?

24. Freedom of Speech
Only protects individuals against the actions taken by the government- ex: your boss can fire you for calling him bad names
Clear and present danger test- ruling in Schneck v. US allows government regulation of some expressions only if the speech posed a tangible, immediate threat to American society. Justice Holmes “The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater, and causing a panic”

25. Them is Fighting Words
Fighting words doctrine- the government is able to regulate certain expressions, such as personal insults, that are likely to provoke a fistfight or other immediate breach of the peace.

26. Tinker vs. Des Moines

27. Tinker Vs. Des Moines ICSD 1969
In 1965, Mary Beth Tinker, a 13 year old student at Harding Junior HS in Des Moines Iowa wore a black armband to school to express her opposition to the Vietnam War. She was suspended from school. Subsequently, her brother and several other students in Des Moines schools were also suspended for the same reason. Despite receiving numerous death threats she and other students continued the practice. With the help of the ACLU Tinker brought her case all the way to the Supreme Court. The Court ruled 7-2 that the school had violated her 1st amendment rights.
OPINION- Do you agree with the court’s decision? Why or Why not?

28. Civil Rights

29. Civil Rights
Civil Rights are the application of rights equally amongst all groups no matter their race, sex, age, sexual orientation, or disability.
People of all groups have taken action over time to achieve equal political, conditional, and opportunity rights.

30. Beginning of Civil Rights
These goals were first realized in the United States with the adoption of the 14th amendment following the Civil War.
This amendment guaranteed “that no state shall” deprive the rights of citizenship, equal protection of the law, and the right to due process under the law.

31. Protections of the 14th {Don’t Eat Peas}
Due Process –opportunity to be treated fairly (CL)
Equal Protection – opportunity to be treated the same (CR)
Privileges and Immunities-All citizens of all states have same rights (both)
{Don’t Eat Peas}

32. African Americans
Following the Civil War, southern states tried to maintain the dominance of whites by enacting Jim Crow laws that would segregate (separate) blacks and whites.
Also prohibited many African Americans from voting
REVIEW- What were the ways that the South Kept African Americans from voting?

33. Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson- SC ruled that as long as facilities were equally provided they could be separate.

35. Brown v. Board of Education
1954 Brown v. Board of Education- SC ruled that facilities that were separate were inherently unequal

36. Dr. Kenneth Clark Conducting the “Doll Test”

39. Civil Rights Act of 1964
the law that made racial discrimination against any group in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbade many forms of job discrimination.

40. Women
Women were specifically left out of the 15th amendment much to the dismay of some women’s right activists who were also ardent abolitionists.
Several states allowed women to vote (Wyoming for instance) but most states did not allow it.

41. Women Get The Vote!
Women around the country worked to get referendums placed on ballots to be voted on but with limited success
Finally, in 1918, the US Congress finally had enough support to pass the 19th Amendment and guarantee women the right to vote, ratified in

42. Women’s Rights Cont. The 1960s see 3 major events:
JFK commission on status of women
The report criticized inequalities facing the American woman in a "free" society while acknowledging the importance of women's traditional gender roles. It stated that constitutional equality between men and women was essential and should be achieved through a Supreme Court decision holding that women were protected by the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause
Civil Rights Act included ban on gender discrimination
Betty Friedan’s “The Feminine Mystique”
Called for a drastic rethinking of what it means to be feminine, and offering several educational and occupational suggestions

43. Furthering the Woman’s Movement
Title IX
Woman in schools and sports
ERA
Even though it was never fully ratified it still had a huge impact on how America looked at Women’s Rights
Reed v Reed
(1971) Landmark case in which the Supreme Court for the first time upheld a claim of gender discrimination.
OPINION- Do you think there are still rights that women do not have? Explain your answer with evidence.

44. LGBT Rights Was once fully up to the states Lawrence v. Texas
Said that same sex conduct could not be deemed illegal by states
States are still in charge of their own laws with regards to extending full Civil Rights to LGBT individuals.

45. “Love Wins”
2013: In United States v Windsor, the Court struck down Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act, which defined marriage as applying only to heterosexual couples for purposes of federal law, as a violation of the Fifth Amendment.
This made same-sex marriage a state by state issue
2015: In the historic decision, Obergefell v. Hodges, the Court struck down state bans on same-sex marriage, thereby granting the constitutional right to marry to LGBT Americans throughout the country.

48. Substantive Due Process vs. Procedural Due Process
Substantive= Rights you have when you wake up in the morning
Procedural= Rights you have when you enter the legal system or a legal situation

50. Levels of Scrutiny (This is confusing to everyone)
Lowest Level of Scrutiny: Rational Relationship and burden on plaintiff
Medium Level of Scrutiny: Law must serve important government objective and be substantially related to that objective.
Strict Scrutiny: If law involves a “suspect class” or a “fundamental right” then law will be upheld ONLY if state can show there is a compelling reason and law is necessary to accomplish the goal and is the least restrictive means available