1. Clinical use of medicinal plants in herbivores grown under organic farming
Shibabrata Pattanayak1, T.K.Mandal2 and S.K. Bandyopadhyay3
1= Assistant Director, ARD (Microbiology),Institute of Animal Health &Veterinary Biologicals (R&T), 37,Belgachia Road, Kolkata ,West Bengal, India.
2= Professor, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, West Bengal University of Animal& Fishery Sciences, 37,Belgachia Road, Kolkata ,West Bengal, India.
3= Director of Medical Education & Ex- officio Secretary, Government of West Bengal, Swastha Bhavan, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
[Paper presented in World Ayurveda Congress, 2016 in Veterinary Ayurveda Section in Kolkata, West Bengal, India].

2. Ethnomedicines of India (A part of Traditional Knowledge)
a) Formal codified system of knowledge (Ayurveda, Siddha, Uninany-Tibb).
b) Informal system evolved over thousands of years through experiences and carried from one generation to the next.

3. OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT STUDY
*Farm animals are reared for milk, meat and egg production to meet up the demand for human consumption.
*Various modern medicines are extensively used for production as well as treatment or prevention of diseases of animals.
*This present system now also acts as a source of development of many serious problems.
*To overcome these problems, a new concept may be considered.

4. Herbivorous Animals ---
Given modern medicines for the purposes similar to human being.
Effects are:
High expenditure in farming, so high cost of animal products.
Spread of high amount of chemical drugs in the environment.
Entry of these chemicals in the human food chain.
Creation of various types of health hazards like failure of medicine in human diseases, requirement of continuous increase of dose of medicines, chance of increase in occurrence of various diseases, from hypersensitivity to cancer .
Development of antibiotic resistant bacteria—Superbug.
Continuous huge investment on research for new drug development.

5. More and more expenditure on treatment of such diseases
Searching for Alternatives
Idea of shifting to the medicine of Herbal origin.

6. Medicines for Herbivores
Herbivorous animals use herbs as their food. The free living ancestors of the domesticated animals were accustomed to consume only fresh herbs at their green, succulent stage. So, it is expected that herbs may be tolerated better by the animals as agents to cure ailments and increase of production of animals.

7. Stomach of Cattle, Horse, Dog and Human

8. All types of animals are given almost same type of medicines, in spite of differences in their different physiological systems.

9. The Ethno-medicinal practices
The ethnic and other rural people traditionally use the medicinal plants at their raw, crude form, mainly at succulent stage for treatment of various diseases.

10. CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH FOR VALIDATION OF EFFICACY OF PLANT PARTS
The reported plant parts were collected, dried and preserved.
Then methanolic, ethanolic, acetone aqueous etc. extracts of the preserved plant parts were made and stored at different manner.
Then these are tested for their reported medicinal use by some laboratory based in vitro tests and/or by some in vivo tests on animal models, either in that form or in semi-purified or purified form or after extraction of active principles to produce the same at a large scale.

11. Questions may be raised
It may be a question that the ethnic and other rural people traditionally use the plants in its crude, fresh form in most of the time.
The solvent extracted part or the separated active principles may not show the total effect of the plant part in question, as many of the principles become lost during the whole process.
The contemporary concept of research have the limitation of loss of many aromatic and other phyto-chemicals present in the living plant, which may have very important role when used together.

12. Problems during the use of plant derived drugs
In Modern Allopathic System of Medicine
Medicinal plant/s Plant part/s taken Active principal identified#, considered as a drug Drug synthesized in laboratory Used as medicine.
In Modern Ayurvedic System of Medicine
Medicinal Plant/s Plant part/s taken Dried/Processed#
Used as medicine.
# = Loss of many unknown principle.
Result : Possibility of reduction or change of efficacy of the medicinal plant/s.

13. VALIDATION OF CRUDE FRESH EXTRACT OF PLANT PARTS COLLECTED FROM LIVING PLANTS
So, the succulent plant parts of the Medicinal plants may also be included for validation of the reported use of the plants. Either directly the succulent plant parts or their extracts (juice, latex etc.) may be tested for that purpose.

14. Dose and toxicity study
Fixation of dose and also study of toxicity of these herbs may be carried out before their clinical use.

15. Animal husbandry with organic inputs
Garden of selected medicinal plants may be established using organic manure (as decomposed animal excreta) for supply fresh inputs at regular basis to the animals reared at organized or backyard farms or to the individual animal owners.

16. A new journey …
This may lead to a new arena of use of fresh, succulent plant parts directly or by their extracts (juice, latex etc.) for treatment of diseases, supply of proper nutrients and increase of production of farm animals replacing many modern medicines and drugs.

17. A Primary list of plants which may be tested for possible
use in Animal Husbandry
Plants with Antipyretic effect: Nyctanthes arbortristis Lin.,Hemidesmus indicus Br.,
Tylophora indica Merr.,Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Clebr., Stephania japotica Miers.,
Solanum xanthocarpum Burn. f.,Solanum nigrum Lin., Centella asiatica Lin. Rauwolfia serpentine
Benth., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Miers.,, Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) Wall,
Aloe barbadensis Mill.,Sida cordifolia Lin., Peganum harmala Lin.etc.
Plants with Analgesic effect : Cassia fistula Lin. ,Curcuma longa Lin. , Aristolochia indica Lin.,
Butea monosperma (Lamk) Taub., Dillenia indica Lin.,Mikania scandens Willd.,
Ficus racemosa Lin, Commiphora mukul ( Hook)Engl. Vitex negundo Lin., Ricins communis Lin.,
Vanda roxburghii R.Br.,Piper longum Lin.etc.
Plants with wound healing effect :Barleria lupulina Lindl.,Blumia lacera Dc.
Dolichos biflorus Lin. , Adhatoda vasica Nees.,Cynodon dactylon Pers.,Curcuma longa Lin.
Glinus lotoides Lin.,Eupatorium ayapana Vent.,Aloe vera (L) Burm. f. , Mikania scandens Willd.,
Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp., Croton bonplandianum Baill.,Dillenia indica Lin ,
Diospyros peregrina (Gaertn.) Gurke., Eclipta alba(L.) Roxb., Tagetes patula Lin.
Pandanus foetidus Roxb.etc.

18. Plants with immunostimulant effect: Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Miers, Andrographis
paniculata (Burm.f) Wall. , Centella asiatica Lin,Ocimum sanctum Lin., Withania somnifera Dun.,
Emblica officinalis Gaertn. etc.
Plants with Hepato-stimulant property: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) Wall. ,
Solanum nigrum Lin., Azadirachta indica A.Juss. , Centella asiatica (L). Ocimum sanctum Lin.,
Emblica officinalis Gaert., Phyllanthus amarus (S&T) Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers.
Boerhavia diffusa Lin.Phyllanthus fraternus Webster. Ricins communis Lin.,
Swertia chirata(Wall)B.Clarke. etc.
Plants with effect on fertility and libido: Withania somnifera Dun. ,Tribulus terrestris Lin.,
Aloe barbadensis Mill.,Asparagus racemosus Willd.,Bacopa monnieri Lin.Sida cordifolia Lin. etc.
Plants with effect on pregnancy and parturition: Ficus religiosa Lin.,Nelambo nucifera
Gaertn.,Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Lin. Pergularia daemia Frosk.,Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. ,
Abrus precatorius Lin, Mesua ferrea Lin.etc.

19. Plants with effect on lactation: Acacia arabica (Lamk. )Willd
Plants with effect on lactation: Acacia arabica (Lamk.)Willd.,Ipomoea digitata Lin.
Asparagus racemosus Willd .,Ipomoea aquatica Frosk., Euphorbia hirta Lin.,
Madhuca longifolia (J.Konig.) J.F.Machr.etc.
Plants with Anthelmintic property : Centratherum anthelminticum (L) Kunze.,
Embelia ribes Burm.f. Holarrhena pubescens wall.ex DC.,Punia granatum Lin.,
Acorus calamus Lin.,Swertia chirata(Wall)B.Clarke.,Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp.,
Adhatoda vasica Nees , Azadirachta indica A.Juss. , Curcuma longa Lin. Areca catechu Lin. ,
Butea monosperma (Lamk) Taub. , Ficus racemosa Lin., Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn.,
Euphorbia hirta Lin.,Peganum harmala Lin.etc.
Plants with astringent property: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) Wall.
Azadirachta indica A.Juss. . Aloe marmelos Corr.etc.
Plants with expectorant property: Adhatoda vasica Nees.,Emblica officinalis Gaertn.,
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) Wall. , Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad.,
Catharanthus roseus (L) G.Don. , Centella asiatica Lin., Curcuma longa Lin. ,
Glycyrrhiza glabra Lin , Ocimum sanctum Lin. , Abrus precatorius Lin . ,
Holarrhena pubescence Wall ex DC. Euphorbia hirta Lin. Peganum harmala Lin.etc.

20. Plants with purgative and anti flatulent property: Cassia angustifolia M.Vahl.,
Cassia fistula Lin. ,Mentha aevensis Lin. Abrus precatorius Lin . , Aloe marmelos Corr.,
Ricins communis Lin. etc.
Plants with nutriceutical Property: Ipomoea aquatica Frosk.,Emblica officinalis Gaert.
Curcuma longa Lin. , etc.
Plants with antiseptic property: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) Wall.,Aloe vera (L) Burm. f.
Azadirachta indica A.Juss. , Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Clebr., Ficus religiosa Lin.
Cassia fistula Lin. ,Schleichera oleosa Oken., Glycyrrhiza glabra Lin., Catharanthus roseus (L)
G.Don., Centella asiatica Lin., Curcuma longa Lin. ,Ocimum sanctum Lin., Eclipta alba(L.)
Roxb.,Aegle marmelos Corr., Cassia fistula Lin. Lawsonia inermis Lin. Withania somnifera Dun.,
Madhuca longifolia (J.Konig.) J.F.Machr. Piper longum Lin. etc..
Plants with anti – dermatitis effect: Hemidesmus indicus Br., Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f)
Wall. , Azadirachta indica A.Juss. , Curcuma longa Lin. , Phyllanthus amarus (S&T) ,
Coccinia indica Naud.,Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni., Withania somnifera Dun.,
Butea monosperma (Lamk) Taub. , Datura metel Lin. , Dillenia indica Lin,. Eclipta alba(L.) Roxb,
,Ficus racemosa Lin. Embelia ribes Burm.f, Acacia Arabica (Lamk.)Willd.Adhatoda vasica Nees.,
Sida cordifolia Lin. Cassia sophera Lin.etc.

21. Plants with anti – dysentery and anti enteritis property: Holarrhina pubescens wall.ex DC., Cyperus rotundus Lin..Acorus calamus Lin., Aegle marmelos Corr., Centella asiatica Lin., Tylophora indica Merr.Strychnos nux-vomica Lin., Achyranthes aspera Lin. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) Wall. Phyllanthus amarus (S&T) , Hemidesmus indicus Br.,Paederia foetidae Lin. Rauwolfia serpentine Benth., ,Aloe marmelos Corr.,Asparagus
racemosus Willd. , Embelia ribes Burm.f. , Punia granatum Lin., Acacia Arabica (Lamk.)Willd., Ficus racemosa Lin.,Mimosa pudica Lin. etc.
Hematenic Plant: Hygrophila auriculata (K. Schum.) Heioe. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers., Emblica officinalis Gaert.etc.
Plants which can remove Kidney stone: Dolichos biflorus Lin., Boerhavia diffusa Lin.
Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb.,Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. Phyllanthus amarus (S&T) .
Peganum harmala Lin.etc.
AND SO ON.

22. Conclusion
Modern allopathic medicines being extensively used in the animal farming are becoming sources of many serious problems.
The plant derived synthetic medicine and Ayurvedic medicines marketed by
different pharmaceuticals for this purpose are not always effective in animals,
might be due to loss of many active principles during processing and storage.
To overcome this, every animal farm may be added with a small medicinal plant garden of selected plants for supply of fresh inputs for better production and prevention and treatment of at least minor and moderate ailments. Farm derived organic manure may be used there.
Trained personals may be used for mixing of parts of plants and their use.
Study for proper validation of the medicinal effect of known, common use
as well as non familiar use of plants along with standardization of dose
schedule should be determined for that purpose.

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