1. Honors Physics
Introduction

2. What is Physics? Most Basic of all Science.
Attempts to explain nature by understanding
The behavior of matter.
The structure of matter

3. The Behavior of Matter 2. Why does the motion of matter change?
Why does matter move?
Contact
Force fields
2. Why does the motion of matter change?
change velocity
change direction
vibrate
3. Why does matter interact with energy?
heat up, cool down
give off light, absorb light
reflect energy
transmit energy
bend light waves
4. Why does matter interact with matter?
collisions
5. Why does matter have charge?

4. The Structure of Matter
mass
Why does mass of an object vary with
size
density
relative density
buoyancy
charge
positive
negative
neutral
atomic structure
nucleus
electrons

5. If the hypothesis is generally accepted it becomes a THEORY
Physics attempts to bring order to our observations by using the scientific method
Make an observation.
Form a testable hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
Form a conclusion
Hypothesis rejected
Hypothesis is modified and retested
Hypothesis is accepted
Publish the hypothesis for others to test
If the hypothesis is generally accepted it becomes a THEORY

6. example of flawed scientific method

7. Repositioning of an object from one location to another location
Motion
Repositioning of an object from one location to another location

8. Motion Aristotle (384-322 BC)
His hypothesis on natural state of an object’s motion on earth
Observation:
Never observed an object in motion on earth that did not eventually slow and stop
Hypothesis
Natural state of motion for an object on earth was to be at rest

9. Motion Aristotle (384-322 BC)
His hypothesis on natural state of an objects motion on earth
Observation:
Never observed an object in motion on earth that did not eventually slow and stop
Hypothesis
Natural state of motion for an object on earth was to be at rest
Was this a reasonable hypothesis?

10. Motion Aristotle (384-322 BC)
His hypothesis on natural state of an objects motion on earth
Observation:
Never observed an object in motion on earth that did not eventually slow and stop
Hypothesis
Natural state of motion for an object on earth was to be at rest
Was this a reasonable hypothesis?
Maybe, but he never tested his hypothesis.

11. Motion THERFORE this was NOT a reasonable hypothesis
Repositioning of an object from one location to another location
Aristotle ( BC)
His hypothesis on natural state of an objects motion on earth
Observation:
Never observed an object in motion on earth that did not eventually slow and stop
Hypothesis
Natural state of motion for an object on earth was to be at rest
Was this a reasonable hypothesis?
Maybe, but he never tested his hypothesis.
THERFORE this was NOT a reasonable hypothesis

12. Motion THERFORE this was NOT a reasonable hypothesis
Repositioning of an object from one location to another location
Aristotle ( BC)
His hypothesis on natural state of an objects motion on earth
Observation:
Never observed an object in motion on earth that did not eventually slow and stop
Hypothesis
Natural state of motion for an object on earth was to be at rest
Was this a reasonable hypothesis?
Maybe, but he never tested his hypothesis.
THERFORE this was NOT a reasonable hypothesis
He should have designed tests to support his
hypothesis

13. Proper Application of Scientific Method

14. Motion
Galileo ( AD)
His hypothesis on natural state of an object’s motion on earth
Observation: objects changed velocity at different rates depending on friction the object was exposed to.

15. Motion
Galileo ( AD)
His hypothesis on natural state of an object’s motion on earth
Observation: objects changed velocity at different rates depending on friction the object was exposed to.
Change in velocity was directly proportional to friction of surface

16. Motion
Galileo ( AD)
His hypothesis on natural state of an object’s motion on earth
Observation: objects changed velocity at different rates depending on friction the object was exposed to.
Change in velocity was directly proportional to friction of surface
Hypothesis: object will move with a constant speed and direction unless interfered with by an unbalanced force

17. Motion
Galileo ( AD)
His hypothesis on natural state of an objects motion on earth
Observation: objects changed speed at different rates depending on friction the object was exposed to.
Hypothesis: object will move with a constant speed and direction unless interfered with by an unbalanced force
Tested his hypothesis by rolling marbles along surfaces of varying friction

18. Motion Found speed varied inversely with friction
Galileo ( AD)
His hypothesis on natural state of an objects motion on earth
Observation: objects changed speed at different rates depending on friction the object was exposed to.
Hypothesis: object will move with a constant speed and direction unless interfered with by an unbalanced force
Tested his hypothesis by rolling marbles along low friction surfaces
Found speed varied inversely with friction
Proper use of scientific method
Formed a new era of scientific reasoning

19. Motion Found speed and direction varied inversely with friction
Galileo ( AD)
His hypothesis on natural state of an objects motion on earth
Observation: objects changed speed at different rates depending on friction
the object was exposed to.
Hypothesis: object will move with a constant speed and direction unless interfered with by an unbalanced force
Tested his hypothesis by rolling marbles along low friction surfaces
Found speed and direction varied inversely with friction
This lead directly to Isaac Newton’s 1st Law of Motion
Proper use of scientific method
Formed a new era of scientific reasoning

20. 2nd Example of Early Proper Application of Scientific Method

21. Geocentric Universe
Earth centered universe Observations all stars, planets and sun appeared to revolve around earth

22. Geocentric Universe
Earth centered universe Observations all stars, planets and sun appeared to revolve around earth More accurate observations showed that this hypothesis did not support all observations

23. Geocentric Universe
More accurate observation should that this hypothesis did not support all observations
Retrograde motion of planets
Moon like phases of planet Venus

24. Geocentric Universe
More accurate observation should that this hypothesis did not support all observations
Retrograde motion of planets
Moon like phases of planet Venus
This gave rise to helios-centered universe

25. Helios-Centered Universe
Further observations found this to be flawed

26. Helios-Centered Universe
Further observations found this to be flawed
Ultimately lead to current hypothesis of the Big Bang Theory
Evidence
Red shift

27. Other Ideas and Observations that lead to scientific discoveries
1. Biology: twitching frog leg that introduced role of potential difference (voltage) in muscle contraction
2. Leonardo da Vinci: imagined and formulated the forces involved in the Roman arch
3. Interaction of nuclear forces inside of an atom

28. Models, Theories, & Laws model
Is an imagined explanation of a phenomena. It is often a comparison to something we are familiar with.
Gives an approximate mental picture of what we can not see actually happening.

29. Models, Theories, & Laws model
Is an imagined explanation of a phenomena. It is often a comparison to something we are familiar with.
Gives an approximate mental picture of what we can not see actually happening.
Example: light waves ,
can make many comparisons to water waves

30. Theories:
Broader more detailed explanation that is provided by quantitative (measurable) and testable prediction. These predictions can often be made with great precision

31. Theories:
Broader more detailed explanation that is provided by quantitative (measurable) and testable prediction. These predictions can often be made with great precision
Example: Atomic Theory

32. Law :
A concise (short) but general statement about the behavior of nature. It can never be contradicted
Examples:
1. Energy is always conserved
2. Acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the Net Force applied and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. (a = F/m)

33. Principle:
A less general and more precise statement about a particular phenomena

34. Principle:
A less general and more precise statement about a particular phenomena
Examples
Archimedes Principle The buoyant force acting on an object placed in a fluid will be equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
Bernoulli's Principle The faster a fluid passes over a surface of an object, the less pressure the fluid will apply to the surface of that object.