1. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
What is pressure?
Pressure is the force per unit area that is applied on the surface of an object.

2. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Calculating pressure
Pressure increases if the force applied increases and decreases if the area of contact increases.
Pressure Equation is Pressure is the force per unit area that is applied on the surface of an object.
P = F/A (Pressure in pascals equals force in newtons divided by area in meters squared.

3. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Pressure and Weight
Weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s2)
Pressure and Area
One way to change the pressure that is exerted on an object is to change the area over which the force is applied.
Nail and wood example (pg. 342/Bill Nye)

4. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
A fluid is any substance that has no definite shape and has the ability to flow.
Liquids, gases, and plasma are all fluids.
*Plasma is a gas made of electrically charged particles.

5. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Pressure in a Fluid
Pressure and Fluid Height
The greater the height of a fluid above a surface, the greater the pressure exerted by the fluid on that surface.
The pressure exerted on the bottom of the container doesn’t depend on the shape of the container, but only on the height of the fluid above the bottom.

6. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Pressure Increases with Depth
As you go deeper in a fluid, the height of the fluid above you increases
As the height of the fluid increases, the weight of the fluid also increases. As a result, the pressure exerted by the fluid increases with depth.

7. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Pressure in All Directions
The pressure on all objects in a fluid is exerted on all sides, perpendicular to the surface of the object, no matter what is shape.

8. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure on your body is a result of the weight of the atmosphere exerting force on your body.
The pressure exerted outward by the fluids inside your body balances the pressure exerted by the atmosphere

9. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Going Higher
As you go higher in the atmosphere, atmospheric pressure decreases as the amount of air above you decreases.
Water pressure is highest at the ocean floor and decreases as you go upward.

10. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Barometer
An instrument called a barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure.

11. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Section One Review
One column of water has twice the diameter as another water column. If the pressure at the bottom of each column is the same. How do the heights of the two columns compare?
The heights must be equal if the pressures are equal.
Explain why the height of the liquid column in a barometer changes as atmospheric pressure changes.
When atmospheric pressure changes, the force pushing on the open reservoir on the fluid in the tube to change. If atmospheric pressure increases, the upward force on the liquid in the tube increases as the liquid rises.
Classify the following as fluids or solids: warm butter, liquid nitrogen, paper, neon gas, ice.
Fluids: liquid nitrogen, neon gas, warm butter
Solids: paper, ice
Explain how the pressure at the bottom of the container depends on the container shape and the fluid height.
Pressure depends only on the height of the fluid above a surface, not on the shape of the container.

12. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Section 2: Why do objects float? (pg. 348)
The buoyant force- upward force that is exerted by a fluid on any object in the fluid.
Caused by the pressure that is exerted by a fluid on an object in the fluid
When you float, the forces on you are balanced Gravity pulls you downward and is balanced by the buoyant force pushing you upward. (p.348)

13. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Buoyant force and Unbalanced Pressure (pg. 349)
Refer to cube example on pg. 349:
The greater the depth, the higher the pressure exerted by the fluid.
The higher pressure near the bottom means that the water exerts an upward force on the bottom of the cube that is greater than the downward force on top of the cube
The force exerted on the cube is not balanced and a net upward force is acting on the cube; the upward force is the buoyant force.
When you float, the forces on you are balanced Gravity pulls you downward and is balanced by the buoyant force pushing you upward. (p.348)

14. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Sinking and Floating (pg. 349)
If the weight of an object is greater than the buoyant force, the net force on the object is downward and it sinks
If the buoyant force is equal to the object’s weight, the forces are balanced and the object floats.
When you float, the forces on you are balanced Gravity pulls you downward and is balanced by the buoyant force pushing you upward. (p.348)

15. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Buoyant force and shape (pg. 350)
Buoyant force depends on the shape of the object (see foil example on page 350)
Increasing the surface area in contact with a fluid increases the buoyant force on an object
When you float, the forces on you are balanced Gravity pulls you downward and is balanced by the buoyant force pushing you upward. (p.348)

16. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Buoyant force and depth (pg. 351)
Buoyant force doesn’t change with depth
Archimedes’ Principle
The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces (see ice cube example-pg 351)
When you float, the forces on you are balanced Gravity pulls you downward and is balanced by the buoyant force pushing you upward. (p.348)

17. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Density (pg. 352)
The density of a fluid or an object is the mass of the object divided by the volume it occupies
Density Equation:
mass = density x volume
Water has a density of 1.0 g/cm3
(see Layering Liquids on pg. 352)
When you float, the forces on you are balanced Gravity pulls you downward and is balanced by the buoyant force pushing you upward. (p.348)

18. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Density- Sinking and Floating (pg. 353)
Any material with a density that is greater than the density of water will weigh more than the water that it displaces, and it will sink.
Any object with a density less than the fluid it is placed in will float.
When you float, the forces on you are balanced Gravity pulls you downward and is balanced by the buoyant force pushing you upward. (p.348)

19. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Boats (pg. 354)
A boat will float when its volume becomes large enough that its density is less than the density of water.
When you float, the forces on you are balanced Gravity pulls you downward and is balanced by the buoyant force pushing you upward. (p.348)

20. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Section Two Review
Explain whether the buoyant force on a submerged object depends on the weight of the object.
No, the buoyant force on the submerged object depends on the object’s volume.
Determine whether an object willfloat or sink in water if it has a density of 1.5 g/cm3
It will sink because its density is greater than 1 g/cm3, the density of water.
Compare the buoyant force on an object when it is partially submerged and when its completely submerged.
The buoyant force depends on the weight of the fluid displaced. When the object is partially submerged it displaces less fluid than when it is fully submerged.
Explain how the buoyant force acting on an object placed in water can be measured.
One way to would be to weigh the object in air, and then weigh the object in the water. The difference between the two weights is the upward buoyant force on the object.

21. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Section 3: Doing Work with Fluids
Pascal’s Principle:
When a force is applied to a fluid in a closed container, the pressure in the fluid increases everywhere by the same amount.
When you float, the forces on you are balanced Gravity pulls you downward and is balanced by the buoyant force pushing you upward. (p.348)

22. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Section 3: Doing Work with Fluids (pg. 357)
Hydraulic Systems:
Use fluids to increase an input force.
The fluid enclosed in a hydraulic system transfers pressure from one piston to another
Hydraulic systems use Pascal’s principle to produce an output force that is greater than an applied input force.
When you float, the forces on you are balanced Gravity pulls you downward and is balanced by the buoyant force pushing you upward. (p.348)

23. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Increasing Force (pg. 358)
F = P x A
Bernoulli’s Principle:
When the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases.
When you float, the forces on you are balanced Gravity pulls you downward and is balanced by the buoyant force pushing you upward. (p.348)

24. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Wings and Flight (pg )
An airplane wing exerts a force on air and deflects it downward, creating lift. According to Newton’s third law, the air exerts an upward reaction force.
The lift on a wing depends on the amount of air that the wing deflects downward and how fast that air is moving.
Lift can be increased by increasing the size or surface area of the wing
A larger wing is able to deflect more air downward
When you float, the forces on you are balanced Gravity pulls you downward and is balanced by the buoyant force pushing you upward. (p.348)

25. Chapter 12: Forces and Fluids
Section Three Review
Explain why making an airplane wing larger enables the wing to produce more lift.
A larger wing is able to deflect more air downward which results in a greater reaction force pushing upward, resulting in greater lift.
If you squeeze a plastic water-filled bottle, where is the pressure change in the water the greatest?
The change in pressure is the same throughout the water.
Use Bernoulli’s principle to explain why a car passing a truck tends to be pushed toward the truck.
The air flowing between the car and the truck is moving faster than the air on the other side of the car. So the pressure exerted by the air between the car and the truck is less than the pressure exerted on the other side of the car.