1. Unit V- States of Consciousness
Sleeping
Dreams

2. Consciousness
_____________- our awareness of the _________ world and of ourselves, including our own mental processes, _________, feelings, and perceptions.
________ show ______ and _______ waves

3. How is Consciousness Related to Other Mental Processes?
Consciousness can take many forms, while other mental processes occur simultaneously outside our awareness

4. What Consciousness Does for Us
Restricts our _________
Attention is the state of focused __________
Combines sensation with ________ and memory
Allows us to create a mental model of the world that we can __________

5. Levels of Consciousness
Present Awareness
Conscious
Just below awareness
Subconscious
No Conscious Processing
Preconscious
Nonconscious
Nonconscious
Past awareness
No awareness
Unconscious

6. Preconscious
____________- level of consciousness that is _________ of awareness but contains feelings and ________ that can easily be brought to ___________ awareness.
What did you have for dinner last night?

7. Unconscious
_________- the level of consciousness that includes often ________ feelings, wishes, and thoughts not directly __________ to conscious awareness.
Well-learned tasks become __________:
Driving
Typing
When you meet people you _____________ react to their gender, age, and appearance

8. Nonconscious
_____________- the level of consciousness devoted to processes completely _____________ to conscious awareness.
_____________: blood flow, filtering of the blood by kidneys, secretions of hormones
Lower level processing of __________: detecting edges, estimating size and distance of objects, recognizing _________

9. Dual Processing
________ processing refers to the _________ information on conscious and _________ levels at the same _______.

10. What Cycles Occur in Everyday Consciousness?
Consciousness changes in cycles that correspond to our biological rhythms and the patterns of stimulation in our environment

11. Circadian Rhythms __________________- daily patterns of change
Psychological patterns that repeat every __________
Repeat every ______ hours in a place without normal night-day
Influence:
___________ cycle
Hormone release
Body ______________
Other important body functions
___________ is the disruption and re-shifting of your circadian rhythms

12. Circadian Rhythms

14. Circadian Rhythms __________________- Controls _______________ clock
Regulating changes in blood pressure, body temp, pulse, blood sugar levels, hormonal levels, activity levels, sleep, and wakefulness over 24 hours
Contains the _______________ nucleus
SCN’s activity causes the brain’s pineal gland to _________ production of the sleep inducing hormone melatonin in the morning and ________ it at night.

15. Circadian Rhythms ________________ (reticular activating system)-
Neural network in _____________ (medulla and pons) and midbrain essential to the ____________ of sleep, wakefulness, _____________, and attention.

16. States of Consciousness
Include:
Normal waking (consciousness)
__________
Sleep
____________
Meditation
__________ states

17. What Cycles Occur in Everyday Consciousness?
__________- state with focus on inner, private realities, which can generate _________ ideas.
Urge to daydream peaks about every _____ minutes
Urge highest between ______ and 2:00 pm
Almost _______ of your waking hours
May provide _______ relief

18. What Cycles Occur in Everyday Consciousness?
_______- is a complex ____________ of states of consciousness, each with its own level of consciousness, ____________, responsiveness, and physiological _______.
The sleep cycle involves:
___________ (NREM) sleep
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
______ sleep

19. Sleep Stages ___________ sleep:
About every _____ minutes, we pass trough a cycle of _______ distinct sleep stages.

20. Beta Waves – It’s BETA to be awake!
Awake and Alert
During strong _______ engagement, the brain exhibits _________ and fast, irregular ______ waves ( cps).
An awake person involved in a conversation shows ______ activity.
Beta Waves – It’s BETA to be awake!

21. Twilight- Awake but Relaxed
When an individual closes his eyes but remains _______, his brain activity ______ down to a large amplitude and slow, regular _____ waves (9-14 cps).
A _______ person exhibits an _____brain activity.

22. Stage 1 Sleep
_____ light sleep- brain enters a _____ amplitude, slow, regular wave from called _____ waves (5-8 cps).
Gradual loss of __________ to outside
Drifting thoughts and images
The ____________ state
Sense of falling most common
A person who is ____________ shows _______ activity.
Theta Waves

23. Stage 2 Sleep Accounts for about ___ of sleep time
Lasts about ____ minutes
Clearly asleep, but _____ to awaken
EEG shows high-frequency ____________ and K- complexes
K-complex that occurs during stage 2 of NREM sleep- Big spikes
Theta Waves

24. Stage 3 Sleep _________ sleep stage
____________, low-frequency _______ waves ( cps)
Lasts only a _______ minutes

25. Stage 4 Sleep ________ sleep stage
Very _______ to awaken
High-amplitude, low-frequency ______ waves (1.5-4 cps)
Stage 3 and 4 together last about ____ minutes
Sleep ______ and/or _______ tends to occur at the end of this stage

26. REM Sleep _______ Eye Movement Sleep
Sleep stage where eyes dart about
About ______ dreaming
5 to 6 times each night (about _____ of sleep time)
Also called _________ sleep because muscles are relaxed (_________) but other systems are active.
EEGs show ______ waves (15-40 cps) much like awake- aroused state.

27. 90-Minute Cycles During Sleep
With each 90-minute cycle:
Stage 4 sleep __________
Duration of REM sleep __________

28. Why Do We Sleep? We spend ________ of our lives sleeping.
If an individual remains awake for several _____, they deteriorate in terms of _______ function, concentration, and ________.

29. Sleep Deprivation ________ and subsequent death Impaired concentration
Emotion ___________
Depressed ________ system
Greater __________

30. Accidents
Frequency of accidents ________ with loss of sleep

31. REM Rebound
When you are sleep deprived you lose out on ______ types of sleep, REM and _____ (non-REM). Typically when you have a chance to fall asleep after sleep deprivation you have a tendency to get more _______ sleep than you would normally get.
This is your body's way of trying to _______ up on its REM sleep.

32. Sleep Theories
Sleep _______: Sleeping in the _______ when predators loomed about kept our ancestors out of harm’s way.
Sleep ________: Sleep helps restore and repair ______ tissue.
Sleep Helps __________: Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading ________.
Sleep and ________: During sleep, the pituitary gland releases _____ hormone. Older people release less of this hormone and sleep less.

33. Sleep Disorders _________ Difficulty falling asleep or ________ asleep
Affects about ___ million Americans
May be related to stress, ________, medication
Can also be caused by noise, __________, or trying to sleep in a new environment

34. Sleep Disorders _________ and sleepwalking Night ________
Usually occurs during Stage ___ sleep
More common in _______
Sleepwalking more common in _____
Night ________
Episodes of fright that occur during stages ______ of NREM sleep
Person may sit up or ______, but likely will not _______ the episode in the morning

35. Sleep Disorders ______ REM _______ Disorder Sleep _________
Person stops breathing momentarily during sleep
Affects about 10 to 12 million Americans
REM _______ Disorder
Body fails to _______ during REM sleep.
“Sleepwalk With Me”
Sleep _________
Body fails to undo the paralysis briefly upon walking.

36. Sleep Apnea
Shaq Attacks Sleep Apnea

37. Sleep Disorders _____________ Narcoleptic dog video
Suddenly falling asleep without ______ during waking hours
Narcoleptics often experience loss of _________ tone as well
May also drop into REM sleep immediately, causing _________
Likely caused by a_____ nervous system defect
Narcoleptic dog video

38. Lucid Dreaming
Lucid Dreaming ASAP video

39. Dream Findings
________ Emotional Content: 8 out of 10 dreams have negative emotional content.
________ Dreams: People commonly dream about failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected, or struck with misfortune.
_________ Dreams: Contrary to our thinking, sexual dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in 30.
Dreams of __________: Women dream of men and women equally; men dream more about men than women.

40. Dreams mean very little
Dream Theories
Activation Synthesis
Information Processing
Cognitive Theory
Psychodynamic Theory
Dreams mean very little
Dreams mean quite a bit.

41. Dreaming is weird- let’s understand this better!

42. Activation-Synthesis Theory- Hobson
Dreams result from random __________ of brain cells responsible for eye movement, muscle movement, balance, and vision.
The brain then _________ (combines) this activity with existing knowledge and memories as if the signals came from the environment.
How we __________ the random images and sensations is the dream’s _________.

43. Information Processing- Cartwright
Dreams help us _______ the days events and ______ our memories
Help sift, sort, understand, and fix a day’s experience in our memories
They may help us work out unsolved _________.
We go to bed with a problem, and when we wake up the problem is solved (or forgotten, which may be a solution in itself)
When we are under _____ or _______, we sleep longer, and the amount of time spent in REM _________.
Suggests that we are working on the things that are worrying us while we dream.

44. Information-Processing Theory- Cartwright
Evidence that dreams as reflections of current ________:
Reflect ongoing conscious ______________ of waking life:
Concerns over relationships, work, sex, or health
More likely to contain material related to a person’s current concerns than ________ would predict:
Students dream about _________
Instructors dream about forgetting lecture notes
Males and females appear to dream about ________ issues now that lives and concerns of the two sexes have become similar:
_______  children, clothes, household objects
______  weapons, violence, sex, achievement

45. Psychodynamic Theory- Freud
________________
Dreams provide a psychic safety _______ to discharge unacceptable feelings from the _____.
The superego creates symbolic _________ to mask the unacceptable thoughts.
_____ content- the remembered storyline of a dream
_________ content- the underlying ________ of a dream

46. Dream Theories

47. Hypnosis __________- _______________-
Induced state of altered awareness, characterized by heightened __________ and deep ________
_______________-
Degree to which an individual is responsive to hypnotic suggestion
____________ sway
Imaginative
Pastoral sway- the subject is asked to stand upright with eyes closed. When told “you are swaying back and forth”, most people will sway at least a little. More sway = more suggestibility

48. Hypnosis as an Altered State
Experts ________ about whether hypnosis involves:
A ________ state of consciousness
Heightened _________
_________ processes such as role playing
A ___________ state (Hilgard’s “hidden observer” view)
Hidden observer- even when hypnotized there is a hidden part of the mind that stills knows what is going on. When using hypnosis for pain-relieving/anesthesia reveals that the hidden observer does feel pain. It is a response blocker not sensation blocking.

49. Practical Uses for Hypnosis
Hypnosis can have ________ uses for:
Researchers
Psychological __________
________ and dental treatment
Hypnotic __________-
Diminished _________ to pain while under hypnosis

50. Meditation
____________- set of techniques used to focus ___________ away from thoughts and feelings in order to create _________, tranquility, and inner peace.