1. The Cold War

2. EQ: How did different economic and political philosophies lead to the Cold War?

3. What is a Cold War?
Time period from post WWII until 1991 when a state of tension and hostility existed between the U.S. and the Soviet Union (USSR); it was “cold” because the U.S. and the S. U. never directly went to war with each other.

4. United Nations (UN) Est April 1945 w/ 50 nations Goals:
Peaceful settlement of disputes
Take collective measures in times of war
Security Council: 11 seats; 5 permanent- U.S., Britain, China, Soviet Union and France

5. The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

6. U.S. Policies Containment: recognized Eastern Europe lost to Communism
Calls for U.S. to resist it spreading
Truman Doctrine: call for U.S. to take leadership role in the world, declared U.S. would support nations threatened by Communism
1st time: aid Greece and Turkey

7. Marshall Plan
Plan for nations of Europe to draw up a program for economic recovery supported by U.S. financial aid
Hoped to create strong democracies and markets for American Goods

8. Post-War Germany

9. Berlin blockade led to the Berlin Airlift
• In 1948, U.S., Britain, France withdraw forces from West Germany; zones form one country
• Soviets opposed this, stop land and water traffic into West Berlin
• West Berlin, located in Soviet occupation zone, faced starvation
• U.S., Britain fly in supplies for 11 months until the blockade ends

10. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
United States
Belgium
Britain
Canada
Denmark
France
Iceland
Italy
Luxemburg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
1952: Greece & Turkey
1955: West Germany
1983: Spain

11. Warsaw Pact (1955) U. S. S. R. Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania

12. The Threat of Nuclear War
• Soviet Union explodes its first atomic bomb in 1949
• U.S. and Soviet Union both develop more powerful hydrogen bomb
• Brinkmanship—policy of willingness to go to the edge of war w/o going to war
• Increasing tensions led to military buildup by U.S. and Soviets
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13. The Arms Race: A “Missile Gap?”
The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949.
Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

14. 1957 Sputnik – first satellite
Score 1 for Soviets!

15. Berlin Wall- constructed 1961

16. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
Checkpoint Charlie

17. Wall torn down in 1989.

18. EQ: How did the Cold War lead to Conflicts/confrontations in Korea, Vietnam, Latin America and the Middle East?

19. China goes Communist CCP takes control in 1949
One party dictatorship, totalitarian gov’t: controls every aspect of citizens’ lives
Headed by Mao Zedong: CCP uses propaganda to make him look like a hero

20. Mao’s Brand of Marxist Socialism • Mao takes property from landowners and divides it among peasants • Govt takes control of the economy “The Great Leap Forward” •Communes—large collective farms often supporting over 25,000 people • leads to crop failures and famines
1966 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
Young people’s revolution
Create Red Guards: anyone who does not support Mao becomes a target
Abuse, torture, sent people to rural labor camps
Effects
Chaos, schools closed, factories slow production

21. Korean War [ ]
End of WWII Soviet Union occupies north of 38th parallel and U.S. the south
Korea splits in 1948 over the issue of communism (North-communist, South-authoritative)
War in Korea lasts
Ends in armistice: truce; still divided
4 million dead, many refugees, lots of destruction

22. The Shifting Map of Korea [1950-1953]

23. Korean War [ ]
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee

24. Vietnam War
“Domino Theory”

25. Vietnam War
After WWII: North Vietnamese fight for independence under leader Ho Chi Minh, who pushes Communism; non-communists rule south after Vietnam is split by the Geneva Accords
U.S. enters fight against Communism on side of the south; Gulf of Tonkin gives LBJ the power to send in more troops
1973 U.S. withdrew troops due to “Vietnamization”
1975 Vietnam becomes a Communist nation
Economy left in ruins and is still struggling today while attempting to move to a market economy

26. Cambodia 1975 dictatorship arises in Cambodia
City dwellers sent to the countryside, many starve
Pol Pot begins genocide; 2 million out of 7 million people murdered
Dictatorship overthrown 1979 by Vietnamese, stay until 1989

27. Effects of War in SEA Millions died
Bombing destroyed villages, infrastructure, cities
Some land unusable due to chemical warfare and land mines
Many fled to refugee camps and some remain there today

28. Cold War Divides the World
More Than One “World”
1st World- U.S. and industrialized allies
2nd World- communist nations like USSR and China
Third World—developing nations; often newly independent
Cold War Strategies
U.S., Soviet Union, China competed for influence over Third World
Back revolutions and give economic, military, technical aid

29. Confrontations in the Middle East
Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran
• Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini—Iranian Muslim
leader; lives in exile- wants Iran to be a theocracy
• In 1978, Khomeini sparks riots in Iran; Shah Pahlavi flees (Shah- ruler of Iran) •
• Islamic revolutionaries held American hostages in Tehran (1979–1980) b/c we helped shah
• Muslim radicals take control in Iran, increasing tensions with Iraq
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30. The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan
• Soviets invade Afghanistan 1979, help Communist
government against Muslim rebels who fight guerilla war
against Soviets with U.S. aid
• U.S. stops grain shipments to Soviet Union; Soviets
withdraw (1989)
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31. Confrontations in Latin America
Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution
• Fidel Castro—leads revolt in Cuba against
dictator supported by U.S.
• By 1959, Castro in power, nationalizes economy,
takes U.S. property
• In 1961, Castro defeats U.S.-trained Cuban
exiles at Bay of Pigs
Nuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile Crisis
• In 1962, U.S. demands removal of Soviet missiles in Cuba
• Soviets withdraw missiles; U.S. promises not to
invade Cuba & removes missiles in Turkey
• Cuban economy is left dependent on Soviet support

32. Civil War in Nicaragua
• Anastasio Somoza—Nicaraguan dictator supported by U.S. (originally)
• U.S. switches support to Sandinistas, who then aided Communist rebels in El Salvador
• U.S. switches aid again to anti-Communist Contras in Nicaragua
• In 1990, Nicaragua holds first free elections; Sandinistas lose

33. EQ: What changes occurred as Cold War tensions eased and the Soviet Union ceased to exist?