1. United States History The Cold War Conflicts

2. Key Terms Cold War DUMBARTON OAKS CONFERENCE “Containment”
“Iron Curtain”
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
NATO
Domino Theory
Eisenhower Doctrine
Brinkmanship
Loyalty Review Board
McCarthyism
Warsaw Pact
Potsdam Conference
Berlin Blockade
Berlin Airlift
General MacArthur
Panmunjom
Demilitarized Zone
Sputnik
Space Race
National Defense Act of 1958
Nikita Khrushchev
Red Scare
Korean War
U-2 Spy Incident

3. DUMBARTON OAKS CONFERENCE
DUMBARTON OAKS CONFERENCE was held from 21 August to 7 October 1944 at an estate in the Georgetown area of Washington, D.C.
Four powers participated: the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China. The conference chose the name of the wartime alliance, the United Nations (UN), for the new body.

4. The Cold War

5. Cold War Begins
a non-military battle of diplomacy and propaganda between the United States and Soviet Union
Lasted from
led to “hot” wars around globe
in Korea, Vietnam
- Many of the smaller wars were called proxy wars because the U.S. and U.S.S.R. never fought face to face

6. U.S. vs. USSR (Soviet Union)
U.S U.S.S.R
Capitalism Communism
Private property State owns property
Democratic Totalitarian

8. The Ideological Struggle
Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”]
US & the Western Democracies
GOAL  spread world-wide Communism
GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan]
METHODOLOGIES:
Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars”
Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

9. The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

10. Cold War
Check for understanding: Identify the political, and economic causes of the early years of the Cold War

11. FIGHTING COMMUNISM
CONTAINMENT POLICY: The U.S. would work to stop the spread of communism.
1. Truman Doctrine
2. Marshall Plan
3. NATO and other alliances

12. The Truman Doctrine & Domino Theory
Truman Doctrine (1947): U.S. would aid countries around the world who are fighting communism (like Greece and Turkey).
Domino Theory: If the U.S. doesn’t fight communism, then countries will fall to communism like dominos.
It signalled the end of “isolationist” policies.

13. The Marshall Plan 1948 Plan to aid Europe—in ruins
Prevent countries from falling to communists
Aid American business
$17 billion to 16 countries in Europe (not Soviet Union)

14. The ‘Marshall Plan’
The Marshall Plan offered huge sums to enable the economies of Europe to rebuild after World War II, and, by generating prosperity, to reject the appeal of Communism.
The Soviet Union (USSR) prevented Eastern European countries from receiving American money.

15. NATO vs. WARSAW PACT
North Atlantic Treaty Organization: defense alliance among U.S. and Europe against the Soviet Union. Still exists.
Warsaw Pact: Defense alliance among Soviet Union and its satellite governments in Eastern Europe.

16. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
United States
Belgium
Britain
Canada
Denmark
France
Iceland
Italy
Luxemburg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
1952: Greece & Turkey
1955: West Germany
1983: Spain

17. Warsaw Pact (1955) U. S. S. R. Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia
East Germany
Hungary
Poland
Rumania

18. Cold War
Check for understanding:

19. Postwar Germany The Potsdam Conference, 1945
Divided Germany into 4 zones:
West Germany – U.S., Britain, and France
East Germany- Soviets
Capitol city of Berlin divided into 4 zones (in East Germany)

20. Berlin
West Berlin, was an outpost of Western democracy and economic success deep within the communist zone – like a capitalist island within communist East Germany
The Berlin Blockade was an attempt to starve West Berlin into submitting [giving up] to the communists
Berlin Airlift: In , the U.S. and Europe flew food and supplies to save West Berlin, until Soviets reopened roads.
The Allied [western powers] airlift signalled the West’s determination to use all resources to defend Berlin.

22. Cold War
Check for understanding: Explain the Truman Doctrine and how it related to the formation of NATO and the Berlin Airlift.

23. Post War Japan: U.S. occupied – under General MacArthur
New constitution
Democracy with Emperor as figurehead
Rebuild economy
Abolished army and navy
Tokyo trials convicted war criminals

24. The Red Scare Intense fear of Communists taking over U.S.
China became a Communist country in 1949.
Soviets developed an atomic bomb in 1949.
Rosenbergs convicted of selling atomic secrets to Soviet Union. Executed 1953.

25. Loyalty Review Board & McCarthyism
President Harry S. Truman signed United States Executive Order 9835, sometimes known as the "Loyalty Order", on March 22, (Loyalty Review Board)
The order established the first general loyalty program in the United States, designed to root out communist influence in the U.S. federal government. Truman aimed to rally public opinion behind his Cold War policies with investigations conducted under its authority
McCarthyism
In 1950, Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin claimed that he had “lists” of communists in the U.S. government.
Falsely accused hundreds of people of being active Communists, ruining lives.
When hearings were televised, people saw that McCarthy was wrongly accusing many people.
Censured (punished) by Senate.

26. Korean War [ ]
Kim Il-Sung
Syngman Rhee
“Domino Theory”

27. MacArthur at Inch'on landing
U.S. General Douglas MacArthur led the U.N. force, approximately 80% of which were U.S. soldiers.

28. Korean War,
Divided north and south at 38th parallel at end of WWII.
In 1950, Communist North Korea invaded South Korea.
The U.S. and United Nations, aided the South; China aided the North Koreans.
Treaty signed in 1953, keeping dividing line at 38th parallel (still today).
33,000 American soldiers died, 100,000 wounded.

29. The Shifting Map of Korea [1950-1953]

30. U.N. troops regained South Korea by March of 1951.
Ending the War:
U.N. troops regained South Korea by March of 1951.
Gen. MacArthur wanted to attack China with support of Chinese nationalists.
President Truman disagreed with MacArthur about attacking China.
Truman fired MacArthur for defying him by publicly taunting and threatening the Chinese.

31. In July of 1953, the Korean War ended
Panmunjom, now located in North Hwanghae Province, is where the 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement that paused the Korean War was signed. The building where the armistice was signed still stands, though it is north of the Military Demarcation Line, which runs through the middle of the Demilitarized Zone.

32. :

33. Space Race Began when Soviets beat the U.S. into space
Soviet satellite Sputnik launched in 1957
Explorer I, the first U.S. satellite, was launched in 1958.
The National Defense Act of 1958 approved federal funding of education in math, science and foreign languages.
Reforms in education –

34. The Arms Race: A “Missile Gap?”
The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949.
Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

35. Nuclear Arms Race
Hydrogen bomb invented – both U.S. and Soviets had them
1,000 times more powerful than atomic bomb—vaporized an island.
Dangers of fallout and radiation
Many built
bomb shelters!!

36. Improve your knowledge
The nuclear bomb gave America a lead which was expected to last at least 5 years. The rapid Russian development of nuclear technology, helped by the work of the “atom spies” was a shock. Significantly, Russia hurriedly declared war against Japan at the beginning of August 1945 and rushed to advance into Asia to stake out a position for the post-war settlement. This helped make both the Korean and Vietnamese conflicts more likely.

37. National Defense Budget [1940-1964]

38. Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist. If you don't like us, don't accept our invitations, and don't invite us to come to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on our side. We will bury you
De-Stalinization Program

39. “I LIKE IKE”
Republicans used Ike’s ( ) strong military background to emphasize his ability to combat Communism worldwide
Eisenhower Doctrine:
U.S. foreign-policy promising military or economic aid to any Middle Eastern country needing help in resisting communist aggression.
Brinkmanship: is the practice of trying to achieve an advantageous outcome by pushing dangerous events to the brink of active conflict.
Covert Action (CIA)

40. Growing Interest in China
People’s Republic of China:
In the 1940’s, China was embroiled in a civil war.
Nationalists
Led by Chiang Kai-shek
Communists
Led by Mao Zedong

41. The U.S. gave the Chiang Kai-shek millions of dollars, but the communists won the war.

42. October 1st 1949
China became a communist country, and Chiang Kai-shek and his forces fled to Taiwan.

43. U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.
The Eisenhower Administration, thinking the pilot had died in the crash, authorized the release of a cover story claiming that the plane was a "weather research aircraft" which had unintentionally strayed into Soviet airspace after the pilot had radioed "difficulties with his oxygen equipment" while flying over Turkey