1. Standard II test review Cells 2.1 - the chemistry of life

2. What are the 4 major elements of life?
CHON
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

3. What are the major trace elements?
CHNOPS
CHON S CaP with a K
Sulfur, Calcium, Phosphorous and Potasium

4. What are some trace elements besides S CaP K?
Iron
Magnesium
Iodine
Flourine

5. What are the 4 macromolecules?
Lipids (CHO) – Fats and cholestrol
Proteins (CHON) – enzymes
Carbohydrates (CHO) - starch
Nucleic acids (CHON -) - DNA

6. Enzymes are which macromolecule?
Proteins
What do enzymes do?
Speed up the rate of a reaction

7. What else does proteins do?
Transport proteins – across cell membranes
growth and repair of tissue,
Provides energy

8. What is the function of carbohydrates?
Provide an immediate source of energy – remember glycolysis and ATP production.

9. What is the function of Lipids?
Provide energy
Protection
Insulation

10. How many Calories per gram?
Fats
9 cal / gram
Proteins –
4-5
Carbohydrates –

11. Why is water a really awesome molecule?
Because it is Polar
And can form Hydrogen Bonds

12. A really great solvent – dissolves particles in cells and blood
Because water is polar and can from Hydrogen bonds it has 4 major properties – what are they?
Stick –
cohesion and adhesion – capillary action
Surface tension
A really great solvent – dissolves particles in cells and blood
High specific heat – holds heat – sweating and controlling climate
Expands when frozen – polar ice caps

13. 2.2 – Energy and Cells

14. More autotroph and heterotroph questions?
Fungi contain a cell wall – are they autotrophs or heterotrophs?
Heterotrophs

15. Are protists an autotroph or heterotroph?
Both – some are autotrophs like plants and some are heterotrophs like animals

16. Are bacteria autotrophs or heterotrophs?
Both –
most are heterotrophs but
some evolved a chloroplast by endosymbiosis and are autotrophs –
these are called cyanobacteria = algae

17. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide (C02)
+ Water (H20)
Oxygen
(02)
+ Sugar
C6H1206 6 6 6
What is this missing?
Energy from the sun

18. How would you measure the products of photosynthesis?
Measure any one of the items in the equation

19. What is the equation for CELLULAR respiration?
Oxygen
(02)
+ Sugar
C6H1206
Carbon dioxide (C02)
+ Water (H20) 6 6 6

20. How is energy produce in cellular respiration?
The break down of glucose – remember glycolysis - ATP
Hint ->

21. What is called when Oxygen is used to do Cellular respiration?
Aerobic

22. How does your body get energy (ATP) – when oxygen is depleted?
Fermentation
Lactic acid is a by- product
This is similar to fermentation of making bread

23. What is it called when Cellular respiration occurs without oxygen?
Anaerobic

24. Fermentation
When you make bread, you add yeast and water and some sugar. What makes the bread rise?
Yeast causes a gas to be released.
What is the gas? (hint it is like respiration)
Carbon dioxide

25. Fermentation experiment
If you want to know how the amount of sugar affects the rate of respiration of yeast in water what type of experiment might you do?
make lots of bread and change the amount of sugar to see how big the bread will rise,
what is the independent variable?
The amount of sugar
What is the dependent variable?
How high the bread will rise.

26. 2.3 – cells and cell parts

27. How do cells divide from existing cells?
Cell cycle

28. What are the 3 phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

29. Which one is the longest?
Interphase

30. What are the phases of mitosis?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
telophase

31. What causes cancer? Mistakes in the cell cycle
What controls the cell cycle?
Enzymes?
Where do enzymes come from?
Genes
What can cause mutations in genes?
Environmental mutagens (like radiation)
Carcinogens – “cancer causing”

32. What are the 3 parts of the cell theory
All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cells are the basic unit of life
All organisms consist of at least one cell

33. How was the cell theory developed?
It built upon previous knowledge
And
is refined as new more sophisticated technology is discovered.

34. What did the following scientists contribute to the cell theory?
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek ( )
Microscope
In 1678, Antoni van Leeuwenhook reported that he had observed "little animals" -- protozoa -- through a microscope.

35. Robert Hooke ( )
observe cork cells – jail cells

36. Schleiden (1804-1881), All plants are made of cells
Schwann ( )
All animals are composed of cells

37. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Broth experiment
disprove spontaneous generation
Cells come from other cells

38. Cell membranes are made of?
Phospholipid bi layer.

39. What is this picture showing?
Diffusion
Explain the flow
From high concentration to low

40. Is this passive or active transport?
Passive – No energy needed

41. Diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane helps to maintain . . . . . . .
Homeostasis

42. What is Osmosis?
Diffusion (movement) of water through a selectively permeable membrane (from high concentration to low)
Is this active or passive transport?
passive

43. What is active transport
Movement from LOW concentration to High
Will require help from
A transport protein
and
ATP

44. What do the following organelles do?
Nucleus
contains chromosomes and DNA .
Mitochondria
– energy guy (aerobic respiration and ATP)
Lysosome
– suicide sack (digestive enzymes)

45. Ribosomes
– site of protein production
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
– hold Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
– mail room (packaging and sorting)
Vacuoles
--Storage

46. Name 3 things that plants have that animals do not.
Cell wall
Chloroplasts – do photosynthesis
Big vacuoles – store sap

47. What is Endocytosis?
cells engulfing particles
What is happening at #1 in the last step?
The lysosome and food vacuole are joining to digest the food particle.

48. What is the differences between prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or membrane boud organelles