1. Title it: 2/09 Weekly Notes
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Title it: 2/09 Weekly Notes
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2. Marine Pollution

3. Pollutants Entering the Ocean
Industrial
wastewater 5%
Litter 5%
Offshore oil
10%
Marine
transportation
10%
Air pollutants
20%
Farm runoff 20%

6. BP offshore drilling rig (Deepwater Horizon) April 20, 2010; 50 miles off Louisiana
Spilling 5,000 barrels/day = 200,000 gal/day

7. Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge
100,000 gallons jet fuel spilled 2003.
HAWAI'I'S ENVIRONMENT Cleanup of '03 oil spill continues
By Jan TenBruggencate Advertiser Columnist
Engineers say they have recovered most of the oil from a massive fuel spill early last year at the Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, although it's unlikely they will be able to get it all.
Nearly 100,000 gallons of jet fuel known as JP5 leaked from an underground pipeline on Midway's Sand Island in early February The spill is blamed on a corroded pipeline fitting that failed due to dissimilar metals being in contact with each other on the fitting.
Crews immediately began digging pits and pumping out fuel that was floating on the groundwater. Later, wells with air-powered pumps were installed around the spill site, sucking the fuel and water into a big above-ground separation tank.
The recovered fuel is burned in an incinerator installed for the purpose. The incinerator also burns the atoll's waste motor oil and is used to destroy the carcasses of dead seabirds and to incinerate wet trash, reducing the amount of material that goes into the island's landfill.
Oil-contaminated soil that was excavated during the recovery process is stored on a concrete platform, where natural oil-eating bacteria and evaporation are being allowed to remove the light oil.
As of early June, the pumping project had brought up 74,000 gallons of fuel. The recovery rate was more than 1,000 gallons a day at the start, but it has dropped off to 8 to 10 gallons daily, said Joey Hickey, Portland, Ore.-based project engineer with GeoEngineers, which was contracted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct the $4.5 million remediation effort.
Hickey said the fuel release has not spread beyond about a one-acre area. The farthest from the spill site that oil has been detected is 120 feet, he said.
Tests in the lagoon indicate no fuel has been released into the water. Albatrosses and other seabirds nest on the ground above the spill site, but wildlife has not been exposed to the oil, he said.
"Our preliminary models show that the oil is moving tremendously slowly (through the coral soil). We have an outer set of wells that have never had any oil," he said.
Ultimately, the GeoEngineers system could recover more oil than was released in the February 2003 spill, said Dan Forney, the Fish and Wildlife Service's regional environmental compliance coordinator. That's because some of the western wells are also recovering oil from an old Navy spill of heavy Bunker C fuel oil.

8. Exxon Valdez (1989)- Prince William Sound, Alaska
10 million gallons of oil spilled
400 miles of shore line affected
$3 billion and 2 summers cleaning

9. incident Lifeboat w/ dead bird sinking Spain November 19, 2002
The Prestige: a 26-year-old Bahamas-flagged single hulled vessel
Sunk with 20 million gallons of viscous fuel oil
Hundreds of miles of rugged coastline have been fouled by the stricken Prestige's cargo, destroying wildlife and wrecking the area's renowned fisheries and shellfish industry.

10. Containing oil spills
Floating booms- contain oil and then pump into other ship
Burning oil off
Chemical dispersants
Bioremediation- bacteria

11. Hair Booms

12. Introduced dangerous metals include mercury, lead, and copper
• Heavy Metals are a great concern because they enter the food chain
• Fuel combustion, electric utilities, steel and iron manufacturing, fuel
oils, fuel additives and incineration of urban refuse are the major
sources of oceanic and atmospheric contamination by heavy metals
• Copper is dangerous to marine organisms and has been used in
marine anti-fouling paints
• Mercury and lead poisoning cause brain damage and behavioral
disturbances in children
• Contaminated land runoff, rain of pollutants from the air, and fallout
from shipwrecks pollute the ocean with dangerous metals
• Human activities release 5 times as much mercury and 17 times as
much lead as is derived from natural sources.

13. A large portion and great danger is nonbiodegradable
plastic
• 46,000 pieces of floating plastic/sq mile
of ocean surface off the N.E U.S. coast.
• Sea turtles mistake plastic bags for jellyfish and
die from internal blockages.
• Seals and sea lions starve after being entangled
by nets or muzzled by six-pack rings
(decomposition time 400 years).
• Plastic debris kills 100,000 marine mammals and
2 million sea birds die annually

14. Major Marine Pollutants - Biological
• International Maritime Organization top ten:
Cholera, Cladoceran Water Flea, Mitten Crab,
toxic algae (R,G,B tides), Round Goby,
European Green Crab, Asian kelp, Zebra
Mussel, North Pacific Seastar, North American
Comb Jelly.
• Spreading infestation of Jamaican waters by a
Green mussel
Sources of Pollution
From Land
• 80% of non-biological marine pollution comes
from land based activities
• Most obvious inputs via pipes discharging
directly into marine waters(sewage,
industrial,chemical and food processing wastes)
• Riverine flows into the sea carry pollutants
from the entire catchment area.
From Air
• Global atmospheric inputs to the sea from air
Discharges
Maritime
• Oily discharges from ballast water and bilge
water) during routine ship operations and illegal
dumping of solid waste
• Designated dumping grounds at sea (dredged
spoil, old munitions, sewage sludge, fly ash, oil
based drilling muds)
• Accidental spills from Ships carrying hazardous
substances, oil, gas etc

15. Plastics
100,000 marine mammals & 2 million sea birds die each year after ingesting or being trapped in plastic debris
WHOI 1987 survey off N.E. coast of U.S.: found 46,000 pieces of plastic floating on surface

16. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
“Great Pacific Garbage Patch”
Estimate: 46,000 pieces of floating garbage/mi2.

17. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

18. Albatross Chick

20. A team of volunteers and experts from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Hazardous Materials
Division has released drift cards off Barber’s Point as part of a two-year study of the movement of surface currents off the Hawaiian Islands.
The purpose of the study is to learn where floating pollutants might go
if released from the south shore of O‘ahu. Made out of light wood and covered with non-toxic paint, the
4x6-inch cards are designed to biodegrade within a few months. NOAA is asking the public to help by reporting the date and location of
the cards when they float ashore. Instructions and contact information
are printed on the cards. Watabayashi said the study will help determine where future research
should be directed. “The results will be used by academia, private industry, government, conservation groups, and others for
various purposes. City managers, for instance, might use the information
to aid in wastewater management decisions. Biologists might use it to characterize larval transport patterns which help identify habitat areas,” Watabayashi
said. The data also may be used to verify trajectory models and track derelict fishing gear.
The study is a collaborative
effort of the NOAA National Weather Service, NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program, the Clean Island Council Spill Response
Cooperative, Chevron, Tesoro, and the U.S. Coast Guard.
Barber’s Point

21. Prediction of Marine Debris Drifting Trajectories
Japan Tsunami 2011
Prediction of Marine Debris Drifting Trajectories
Hawaii

22. Marine Debris We can all help our ocean friends
                                                                   
Marine Debris
We can all help our ocean friends
The dramatic and destructive impacts of ocean dumping are illustrated by these mind-boggling statistics:
During the one-day Hawaii beach cleanup in October 1995, 3,564 people covered 82 miles of beaches. They picked up 32,200 pounds of garbage from our beaches.
On Maui alone during the 1995 cleanup, 724 volunteers covered 16.2 miles, picking up 100,381 bags of debris. In addition, each year between , the military, Pacific Whale Foundation, Community Work Day and the Protect Kahoolawe Ohana removed between 6-8 tons of debris from a single uninhabited beach on Kahoolawe.
People dump more than 14 billion pounds of garbage each year into the world's oceans.
People dump more than 650,000 plastic bottles into the oceans each day.
People dump an additional 100,000 metric tons of mono-filament lines and fishing gear into the ocean each year. Worldwide estimates of lost netting translate this amount into anywhere from 12,400 to 135,000 miles annually.
Plastics make up most of the debris collected during beach cleanups.
Cigarette butts were the most abundant debris item collected in 1995.
The U.S. produced six billion tons of plastic disposable packaging in Plastic package manufacturing increases four to six percent each year.
The U.S. produces twice as much plastic as it does steel, copper and aluminum - combined. Plastic production has doubled since Oil is the main ingredient of plastic.
The Effects What happens to our ocean's wildlife through our use and disposal of plastics? These statistics tell the sad tale:
At least 50 different seabird species are known to ingest plastic debris, primarily Styrofoam pellets.
An extremely high incidence of young turtles fall prey to ingested plastics. Young turtles commonly mistake floating debris for food. The debris accumulates in the open ocean drift lines (formed by winds and currents) where young turtles forage for plankton.
About 30,000 northern fur seals die each year from getting tangled in lost nets and plastic debris. This represents a four to eight percent decrease in the population each year.
Thousands of commercial shrimp fishermen - from North Carolina to Texas - catch nearly 50,000 endangered sea turtles in their nets each year. About 12,000 turtles die as a result.
The endangered Hawaiian Monk Seal is observed entangled on its haul-out and breeding beaches every year. Lisianski Island, in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands, has the greatest accumulations of netting debris in the leeward islands. It is the primary monk seal birthing and weaning area. Weaned monk seal pups are observed entangled the most.
A 1980 Fish & Wildlife service study showed 45 of 50 albatrosses (90 percent) on Midway Island had plastics in their intestines.
Sea-borne plastic is deadly to marine life. Whales, dolphins, turtles and seabirds have died from ingesting or getting tangled in all types of common plastic products:
Balloons
Six-pack holders
Strapping and packing materials
Fishing lines and nets
Plastic debris eaten by marine life can clog the digestive tract, causing starvation. Sea turtles mistake plastic bags for jellyfish, and birds eat bits of Styrofoam. When fish, turtles, and birds ingest plastic, it blocks their intestines. They slowly die of starvation. Plastic debris is like a silent time bomb, waiting to kill marine life. Plastic persists in the environment: it does not decompose (break down) for hundreds and hundreds of years. What plastic breaks down into is smaller and smaller pieces of plastic - which are increasingly attractive to smaller and younger sea life. You Can Help! Here Are Some Suggestions:
Participate in the nation-wide beach clean-up held every October.
Don't litter.
Help clean up our beaches.
Dispose of your garbage properly.
Don't take your groceries home in plastic bags.
Purchase items in bulk instead of small, convenience sizes.
Recycle (reuse) boxes, envelopes, newspapers and packing materials.
Purchase items packaged in card board or paper instead of plastic or styrofoam.
Take cans, bottles, used motor oil, batteries and newspapers to recy cling centers.
Recycle stationery and paper by using the backs for lists and scratch
Hold onto your balloons! paper.
Buy recycled products.
Hold onto your balloons! NEVER release balloons on purpose - they eventually pop, and may end up in the ocean where they can be mistaken for food by hungry turtles and other marine life.

23. Net Damage

24. French Frigate Shoals (2001)
Kure Atoll

25. Sept. 28, 2007
Kamilo Beach
Big Island

26. Munitions Dumping
The U.S. Army has admitted to dumping 30 million kg (64 million pounds) of chemical weapons alone into U.S. waters between World War II and early 1970s. But that’s only tip of the iceberg because the Army also says years of record have gone missing.
Millions of pounds of mustard gas canisters were jettisoned into the Atlantic Ocean off New Jersey (1964) and elsewhere. (Photo: The U.S. Army)