1. Living Document Theme: Authority
Unit 2 Day 3
Living Document
Theme: Authority

2. Amendment Process How are amendments added to the constitution?
Step 1 - Proposal: 2 ways
Vote of 2/3 of members of both houses (Senate 67 of 100; House 290 of 435)
By national convention called at the request of 2/3 of 50 state legislatures (Never been Done)

3. Amendment Process cont.
Step 2: Ratification
Approved by 3/4 of 50 state legislatures (38 of 50 States - All new Amend. have been done this way but one) Or
Approved by 3/4 of ratifying state conventions held in 50 states (Only one Amendment - XXI)

4. Amendments to research
Amendment 10: Reserved rights to the states; example: states allow or do not allow the death penalty.
Amendment 16: The Federal government has the power to tax US citizens.
Amendment 17: Citizens elect Senators directly.

5. Amendments to research
Amendment 18: Prohibition was established banning the sale, consumption, & production of alcohol.
Amendment 21: Repealed (stopped) the prohibition of alcohol.
Amendment 27: Members of Congress cannot get pay raises until the beginning of a new term
On the next slides you need to use websites to find the answers to your questions. Do NOT rely on just one website.

6. Explain the purpose of each US Amendment in your own words
List a significant incident related to each Amendment (1 example is listed below) 10 16 17 18 21
Alcohol consumption is suppressed: ex: no sales before Noon on Sundays 27

7. Quick info about US Supreme Court
Highest Appeals Court in the US.
9 Supreme Court Justices on the panel.
Appointed by the President and approved by the Senate.
A majority vote wins the case. Examples: 9-0 or 5-4.
Do NOT hear all cases appealed to them – under 200 cases a year
Why are cases heard at the US Supreme Court ?
The Justices feel that the case will affect all citizens of the US.
The new case may overturn a previous case that will support US citizens.

8. US Supreme Court cont.
The US SC Justices write 3 types of opinions to get their scores for the case
Majority: an opinion written by the winning side of the justices.
Concurring: opinions are written when a justice(s) agrees w/ the majority verdict but disagrees with parts of the majority opinion.
Dissenting: an opinion written by a justice who disagrees w/ the majority opinion.
Anyone can be a part of any written opinion.
Justices are either more Liberal or more Conservative – Justices are not listed as being a Democrat or a Republican.

9. Key Supreme Court Cases
Marbury v.Madison (1803)
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

10. Case Decision/ Winner Keys to case Precedent
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
- pages: 252, 258, 260, BB: 123, 126, 132.
4-0 Madison
The Constitution was "the fundamental & paramount law of the nation” CJ = John Marshall
This court cases established the idea of Judicial review.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
- pages: 258, 650
7-0
McCulloch
Creation of a new National bank
Necessary and proper clause
CJ = John Marshall
Stated that implied powers allow for Federal authority over the State.
(Congress power of the necessary and proper clause)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
- pages: 258, 532
6-0
Gibbons
Interstate trade – under Article 1 section 8
Congress regulate trade (under the commerce clause)
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
- page: 144
7-2
Sandford
Slavery and citizenship
No one of African descent was a citizen in the US