1. Immigration and Urbanization
Chapter 7 and 8

2. Immigration Immigrants come to the US through Ellis Island
Statue of Liberty is the symbol of Freedom and optimism

3. Immigration
Most settle in the cities- places to live and plenty of unskilled jobs
Ethnic communities provided social support, allowed them to speak own language and keep same customs, charity)
Housing-
Landlords pack many families in small building
3-4 families would live in one single family home
Families took in boarders for money
Tenement housing – unsafe, unsanitary apartment occupied by poor families- cramped
1879 NYC passed laws that set minimum standards for plumbing and ventilation

4. The Industrial City Section Objectives
Why did Immigrants move to the cities?
How did cities deal with transportation, sanitation, and safety issues?

5. Industrial City Why did thousands move to the cities?
Cities center of technological advancements
People fascinated by technology
Machines on farms = less workers needed for farms
Immigration from Europe looking for jobs and new freedoms (religion, democracy, land)
After Civil War many African Americans move North and West to escape racial violence of the South
Port cities population exploded (Boston, New York, Baltimore
Skyscrapers developed from better technologies and cheap steel prices allow more people to live in cities
Elevated trains or subways for transportation
Fire and police protection, schools, sewage disposal, street maintenance water supplies rarely kept pace with rapidly developing cities.

6. Poverty and the city
High Crime rates- NYC First fulltime police force 1884
Poor need to live within walking distance of work
Water- homes seldom had indoor plumbing- collect water in buckets from faucets in the street
Sanitation - Horse manure piled up in streets, sewage flowed down streets, factories spewed smoke, not consistent garbage collections sat in streets
Fire-people used candles and lanterns for light and heat
Packed in buildings, no water supply
Cincinnati first fire department

7. Visual Vocabulary
Political Machine
Graft
Patronage
Political Boss

8. The Gilded Age Objectives What was the role of the political machines?
How did greed and fraud cost taxpayers millions of dollars?

9. The Gilded Age Climate of Dog-eat-Dog- Social Darwinism
City power structure
Political Machine- Organized group that controlled the political parties in a city- organized like a pyramid of power- top is the city boss (usually Mayor)
City boss controlled jobs, businesses licenses, give money to government projects and parks all in order to extend their influence
Usually former immigrants -Work way up the pyramid, helped immigrants in order to gain more support (votes)
Some involved in
Graft- illegal use of political influence for personal gain
Patronage – giving of government jobs who help get elected

10. Segregation and Discrimination
Objectives
Trace origins of legalized segregation and the African American struggle against racism in the United States.
Summarize turn of the 20th century race relations in the north and the South
Identify discrimination against minorities in the American West
Identify how old political structures re emerged and how racial discrimination was institutionalized

11. Segregation and Discrimination
 Civil Rights Act African Americans were protected against discrimination in public places (businesses)
1883 Supreme Court ruled that Civil Rights act only effects public services, private businesses do not need to offer equal treatment.
Jim Crow Laws
Most communities prohibited interracial marriages, separate school systems, cemeteries, churches and hospitals
Allowed to ride in separate cars on railroads
Restriction on voting and holding office also enforced through intimidation
Segregation existed out of custom and not in law with the threat of violence
Poll taxes and literacy tests required for voting- everyone knew these measures were to limit African Americans from voting
Grandfather clause- if grandfather voted= you could vote or
Can still vote if a white official determined if the person understood a law after it was read to them

12. Racial Etiquette
African Americans had to show deference to whites (Humiliating treatment)
Those who did not follow etiquette could face severe punishment
Lose job, lynched, shot, hanged
Hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan
Plessey V. Ferguson 1896
Homer Plessey (1/8 African American) denied a seat in a white railroad passenger car
Railroad company agues separate facilities were as good as white facilities
Supreme Court ruled separation did not violate 14th Amendment (legalized Separate but Equal)

13. Discrimination Everywhere
Many African Americans move north for jobs discover discrimination and segregation was present in the north as well
Discrimination in the west
Hired Mexicans to work for low wages on railroad lines
Chinese immigrants were segregated in schools and neighborhoods for job completion
Began to severely limit the number of Chinese immigrating to the U.S.