1. Immigration and Urbanization

2. Big Idea
New immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, Latin America, and Asia face culture shock and prejudice; as well as opportunities for a better life in the United States.

3. Ellis Island Located in New York Harbor
Processing site for newly arrived immigrants from Europe
Immigrants examined by a doctor and took literacy tests,  
, 16 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island into the U.S.

4. Ellis Island

5. Wider View

6. Angel Island Located in San Francisco Bay
Was a processing site for newly arrived immigrants from Asia
Immigrants went through much harsher conditions than Ellis Island

7. Angel Island

8. Settlement in Ethnic Enclaves
Immigrants settled in the same areas together and established neighborhoods  
Culture shock: confusion and anxiety caused by living in an unfamiliar place
Melting Pot Society: mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native language and culture

9. Culture Shock

10. Some Relief

11. The Melting Pot Theory

12. Melting Pot?

13. Melting Pot?

14. Immigration Restrictions
Nativism: favoritism towards native-born Americans
Fear of eastern and southern Europeans, Roman Catholicism, and Judaism

15. Fears Concerning Immigration
Unions feared unskilled immigrant labor
Nativists feared the white race was weakening
Negative Stereotypes were attached to immigrants
Seen as un-American
Supporters of Radicalism
Supporters of corrupt political machines

16. Effects of Nativism
Chinese Exclusion Act: Banned immigration from China in 1882
Gentlemen’s Agreement: Limited Japanese immigration in

19. Urban Problems Late 18th Century
No Money, Mo Problems
Urban Problems Late 18th Century

20. The Settling
By 1920, millions of immigrants had settled in major cities

21. Problems (Housing)
Row Homes: attached single family homes that shared walls with home next to it
Tenements: multifamily dwellings were overcrowded and unsanitary

22. Water Supply Millions of urban dwellers lacked access to clean water
Major cities often lacked indoor plumbing
Diseases such as cholera and typhoid spread

23. Sanitation Horse manure, human waste, and garbage in the streets
Lacked dependable garbage collection and sewer system

24. Fire Major fires broke out in the 1870’s and 1880’s.
Great Fire of Chicago in 1908

25. Crime New York had paid police by 1844, still ineffective.
Confidence men took advantage of naïve immigrants 
Murders and robberies went unreported and unsolved

26. Social Gospel Movement
The preaching of salvation through service to the poor

27. Settlement Houses
Community centers established in poor slum neighborhoods
Run by middle class, college educated women

28. Jane Addams Chicago’s Hull House in 1889
Promoted Education, culture, and social services
Taught English, health, and other social courses
Had visiting nurses visit

29. Playing Next to Horses

30. “Well we are home”

32. The Emergence of the Political Machine
Rage

33. Big Idea
Political machines provided services for poor immigrants and in exchange received support that allowed them to control entire cities.

34. Political Machines
An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city
Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for support

35. Political Machines Existed In……..
Baltimore
New York
Philadelphia
Boston
San Francisco

36. Role of the Political Boss
Controlled thousands of jobs (police, sanitation, and fire departments)
Built parks, schools, and hospitals for people in their wards
Machines supported by immigrant voters (homes and jobs)

37. Election Fraud and Graft
Bosses often padded voter lists with dead people, children, and even animals.
Philadelphia election: 100 registered voters in a precinct Votes were returned.

38. Graft
Illegal use of political influence for personal gain
Example

39. Kickbacks
Illegal payments
Example

40. The Tweed Ring Scandal
William Macy Tweed ran Tammany Hall which led NYC’s Democratic political machine
Between , the Tweed Ring scammed the city for 200 million dollars
Tweed Ring finally brought down by public outrage influenced by Thomas Nast’s political cartoons
Tweed was arrested in 1871 and went to prison

41. Political Cartoon #1

42. Political Cartoon #2

43. Politics in the Gilded Age

44. Big Idea
Local and national political corruption during the Gilded Age leads to calls for reform.

45. Patronage
The doling out of political jobs and appointments to friends and political supporters
Corruption at all levels of government

46. Republican Factions Stalwarts: Republicans who favored spoils system
Half-Breeds: Republicans who opposed the spoils system (moderately)
Mugwumps: Republicans who would bolt for Democrats in 1884

47. Rutherford B. Hayes elected president
What was Hayes’s position on civil service reform? What did he do to promote it?
Supported civil service reform
Fired members of New York Customs House who belonged to Conklin’s political machine

48. James Garfield elected president
In the debate over civil service reform, did Garfield seem to favor the Stalwarts or the Mugwumps?
Mugwumps

49. Garfield assassinated. Chester Arthur assumes presidency.
What position did Arthur take on civil service reform, and what did he do to support it?
Supported civil service reform
Helped support passage of Pendleton Act

50. Pendleton Act passed What did the Pendleton Act do?
Authorized a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments based on merit system

51. Grover Cleveland elected president
What was Cleveland’s position on tariffs, and what did he do to promote this position?
For low tariffs
Ran for a second term on a low tariff platform

52. Benjamin Harrison elected president
What was Harrison’s position on tariffs, and what did he do to support that stand?
For high tariffs
McKinley Tariff passed, highest tariff in U.S. history

53. Cleveland reelected president
What happened to tariffs during Cleveland’s second presidency?
They were lowered

54. William McKinley elected president
What happened to tariffs during McKinley’s presidency?
They were raised.