1. Where did Agriculture Originate?
Key Issue 1
Where did Agriculture Originate?

2. Agriculture is deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.

3. Prior to the advent of agriculture, all humans likely obtained needed food through hunting and gathering.

4. People practicing hunting & gathering usually lived in groups of 50 or less, and relocated regularly along with changing seasons.

5. A modern example are the BUSHMEN of Namibia/
Today, only a quarter million people practice H&G, living on the farthest margins of modern society.
A modern example are the BUSHMEN of Namibia/
Botswana

6. Origins of agriculture cannot be documented with certainty, because it began before recorded history.

7. The Agricultural Revolution was when humans first domesticated plants and animals, removing reliance on hunting and gathering.

8. Agricultural Revolution
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: The end of the most recent ice age greatly expanded the ecumene
CULTURAL FACTORS:
The desire to establish sedentary communities; the discovery of agriculture (experimentation v. accident)

9. 3 Agricultural Revolutions
3rd Ag. Rev’n
Began in mid-20th century with advanced technology and bioengineering. Greatly reduced labor demand.
2nd Ag. Rev’n
Coincided w/ Industrial Rev’n; new farm implements (steel plow), much larger farm sizes.

10. Agriculture developed in multiple hearts around 9-10,000 years ago.

11. (early crops by region)
Crop Hearths
(early crops by region)
Sub-Saharan Africa: Sorghum, yams, millet, and rice
East Asia: Rice and millet
FIGURE 10-3 CROP HEARTHS Agriculture originated in multiple hearths. Domestication of some crops can be dated back more than 10,000 years.

12. (early crops by region)
Crop Hearths
(early crops by region)
Latin America: Beans, cotton, potato; most importantly maize (corn)
Southwest Asia: barley, wheat, lentil, and olive

13. Animal Domestication Hearths
Southwest Asia is credited with domesticating many of the most important stock animals around 8,000 years ago, including cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep

14. DOGS were first domesticated around 12,000 years ago in Asia- predating the agricultural revolution. They may have been used for hunting and security.

15. This lends support to Gimbutas’ Nomadic Warrior Hypothesis.
HORSES were domesticated in Central Asia, their modern diffusion largely follows the diffusion of the Indo-European language family.
This lends support to Gimbutas’ Nomadic Warrior Hypothesis.

16. Subsistence v. Commercial Agriculture

17. SUBSITENCE AGRICULTURE
is the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s kin.

18. Small-scale and local, subsistence agriculture is practiced primarily in the developing world.

19. COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
is the production of food for sale off the farm.

20. Large-scale, expensive, and technology-intensive, commercial agriculture is primarily practiced in the developed world.

21. Several characteristics distinguish subsistence agriculture from commercial agriculture.

22. FARMERS IN THE LABOR FORCE
In the developing world, famers constitute 44% of the labor force, compared to 5% in most developed countries.

23. In the USA and Canada, farmers are only 2% of the labor force- but these countries produce enough crops to provide an export surplus.

24. Farmers in the Labor Force
FIGURE 10-6 AGRICULTURAL WORKERS The percentage of the workforce engaged in agriculture is higher in developing countries than in developed countries.

25. FARM SIZE
Commercial farms are FAR larger than subsistence farms. Farms in the US average 161 hectares (418 acres); in China, they average just 1 hectare (2.5 acres).

26. USE OF MACHINERY
Commercial farming is dependent on expensive technology, while subsistence farming is accomplished through brute force.
FIGURE 10-8 FARM SIZE The average size of a family farm in China is much smaller than in the United States. (left) Family farm in Anhui Province, China. (right) Family farm in West Brooklyn, Illinois.

27. Farmland Per Tractor
FIGURE 10-7 AREA OF FARMLAND PERTRACTOR Farmers in developing countries have more hectares or acres of land per tractor than do farmers in developed countries. The machinery makes it possible for commercial farmers to farm extensive areas, a practice necessary to pay for the expensive machinery.

28. Why do People Consume Different Foods?
Key issue 2
Why do People Consume Different Foods?

29. The way the people produce and consume foods provides one of the starkest contrasts between the developed and developing world.

30. Diet is determined by- Level of Development
People in the developed world eat MORE, from MORE SOURCES
Physical Conditions
Determines what can be grown and consumed based on environment
Cultural Factors
Influences food preferences and prohibitions

31. DIETARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION is the amount of food an individual consumes; this is measured in KCALS or CALORIES.

32. Most calories are obtained through the consumption of CEREAL CROPS - grasses that bear edible seeds (GRAINS).

33. WHEAT, RICE, and MAIZE are the most commonly consumed cereal crops
WHEAT, RICE, and MAIZE are the most commonly consumed cereal crops. Regional consumption trends are clear.
FIGURE 10-9 DIETARY ENERGY BY SOURCE Wheat, rice, and maize are the three main sources of kilocalories.

34. VENEZUELA is the only country where most calories are secured through SUGAR CONSUMPTION.

35. Disparities also exist between how the developed and developing world acquires needed PROTEIN.
MEAT CONSUMPTION provides most protein in the developed world.
CEREAL GRAINS provide most protein in the developing world.

36. SOURCES OF PROTEIN
FIGURE PROTEIN BY SOURCE People get most of their protein from meat in developed countries and from cereals in developing countries.

37. % PROTEIN FROM MEAT
FIGURE PROTEIN FROM MEAT The percentage of protein from meat is much higher for people in developed countries than for those in developing countries.

38. Approximately 1 in 8 people in the world live without food security.
Food Security is access to safe and nutritious food required for an active and healthy life.
Approximately 1 in 8 people in the world live without food security.

39. People need to eat 1,800 KCAL per day to lead a healthy life.
In the US, average consumption is 3,800 per day; in the developing world, it is 2,400. Many poor countries over near the recommended minimum.

40. Undernourishment is dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life.

41. The UN estimates that 870 million people suffer from undernourishment- 99% of whom live in the developing world.

42. Distribution of UNDERNOURISHMENT
FIGURE EXTENT OF UNDER NOURISHMENT Less than 5 percent of the population is undernourished in developed countries compared to 15 percent in developing countries.

43. Distribution of UNDERNOURISHMENT
FIGURE DISTRIBUTION OF UNDER NOURISHMENT More than half of the world’s undernourished people are in South Asia and East Asia.