1. The Plant Kingdom
Chapter 1

2. Evolution of Plants
3.5 billion years ago = bacteria & blue/green algae.
1 billion years ago = green algae
600 million years ago = 02 could support life.
400 million years ago = land plants.
350 million years ago = seed plants.

3. Geographical Distribution
Very few places void of the more than 500 thousand species of plants.
Polar Zones
Highest Mountains
Deepest oceans
Driest deserts
*other than bacteria

4. Geographical Distribution
Limiting factors which are:
Climate- major factor affecting distribution and determine structural adaptations
Water
Temperature
Xeromrphic (dry form)
Close to ground (colder)

5. Roles of Plants Photosynthetic Process Autotrophs C02 and H20
Sunlight & Chlorophyll
Glucose, O2, & H20
Energy Capture

6. Food (Edible Plants) What parts of a plant do we eat? Roots Stems
Leaves
Flowers
Seeds (Cereal Grains)
Fruits
Tubers

7. Edible Plants Sugar Angiosperms
Largest amount of plants we eat come from this classification.
88% of worlds calories and 80% of the proteins.

8. Industrial Uses Wood Fibers Oils Rubber Houses, furniture, turpentine
Cotton, flax, hemp,
Oils
Soybean, coconut, cottonseed,..
Rubber

9. Medicinal Uses
Health benefits
Most pharmaceuticals
Antibiotics

10. Other Uses Fossil Fuels Prehistoric Plants-captured solar energy
Oil and Gas
Buried Plant material that has undergone chemical changes

11. Animal –vs- Plant Kingdoms
Mobile
Need to feed themselves
Lack a cell wall of cellulose (flaccid)
Cellulose not synthesized
Growth is limited
Generally not mobile
Contain chlorophyll to make own food
Cell walls made of cellulose
Cellulose synthesized by cells
Growth is unlimited

12. Kingdom Plantae 500,000 kinds of plants exist. Many don’t fit well.
Recent trends based on evolutionary origins & Relationship.
Monera; the bacteria & blue green algae.
Protista; all other algae & the protozoans.
Mycota, fungi; such as mushrooms & molds
Plantae; mosses, ferns, seed plants & several minor groups.

13. Taxonomy Theophrastus (370-285 B.C) started to record names.
Used Common Names.
Cause confusion

14. Plant Classification
There must be a systematic method to evaluate the species of the planet consistently. There are many ways.
Nomenclature is the system of assigning names.

15. Nomenclature
Scientific communities use Latin,Greek, and Arabic to name
Names are use to signify origins or characteristics
For example: names for leaves are phylla, follia, phyllon, folius
Prefixes are also used: micro-small macro-large
Microphylla, Magnolia grandiflora

16. Classification
Carl von Linne is the creator of the classification system by the publication of Hortus in 1732
Binomial – Two names the Genus and the species. Genus always capitalized and species lower case and both should be italicized.

17. Classification Previous: leaf shape, plant size, flower color
Linneaus’s: Flowers and/or Reproductive and binomial
Least influence by environment

18. How to Classify Plants Phylogenetic = How they look
Environmental = where they grow (climate regions)
Agricultural = What use they are grown for
Natural/morpholigal = how their structures compares

19. Artificial Classification Systems
Climatic
Environment in which plant grows
Season
Spring vs. Summer vs. Autumn
Warm vs Cool
Agricultural
Agronomic vs horticultural
Part consumed
Use

20. Botanical Systems Structure of the plants Form, size, texture use
Flowering structure, taxonomy

21. Example of a complete classification of an Onion plant.
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Anthophyta
Class: Monocotyledonae
Order: Liliales
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Genus: Allium
Species: Allium cepa L

22. Divisions or phylla
Thallophyta - algae, and fungi no tissue differentiation.
Bryophyta – green plants w/o true roots or flowers. Mosses & liverworts
Pteridophyta - green plants with vascular system, true roots, usually distinct leaves & stems but no true flowers or seeds, has spores
Spermatophyta – plants with true flowers producing seeds.

23. Further Separation
Spermatophyta-further divided: gymnosperms & angiosperms
Gymnospermae = naked seed (in cones)
Angiospermae = seed protected
Subclasses-Angiosperms: Mono & dicotyledons

24. Class
Monocotyledoneae = one cotyledon, generally parallel veins, flower parts in 3’s & 6’s.
Dicotyledoneae = two cotyledon, net-veined leaves, flower parts
in 4’s & 5’s or multiples of 4’s
& 5’s

25. Lower Subdivisions Order Family Genus Species Form
Variety/Cultivar/Clone

26. Sub specific Categories
Botanical Variety-different from wild hence var..
Cultivar-little genetic variation “cv” (cultivated variety)
Hybrid-crossbreeding use an “x”
Family-closely related genera nightshade, sunflower

27. New Taxonomic Tools Chemical analysis – composition of the plant
Protein analysis
DNA analysis – genetic finger printing.