1. Ch. 6: Evolutionary Processes/Outcomes

2. Species Bad indicators: widespread & variable
Vp = Vg + Ve
Bad indicators: widespread & variable
Diffs. genetic (adaptations?) or environmental (phenotypic plasticity?)
How evaluate?

3. Species
How evaluate?
Common garden experiment:

4. Ecotypes Common garden expts. 1920s: Turesson (Sweden)
Widespread European sp.
Ex, hawkweed (Hieracium)

5. Ecotypes
Described ecotypes:

6. Ecotypes 1920s: Clausen, Keck, Hiesey (California)
Widespread (elev. gradient)

7. Ecotypes Ex, Potentilla glandulosa Ecotypes named (subspecies)
ecophenes

8. Ecotypes
Some sp. form ecophenes:
Ex: pygmy forest, Mendocino, CA

9. Ecotypes
Pygmy seeds on normal soil?

10. Ecotypes
Ecocline: continuous variation

11. Ecotypes Ecotypic traits Morphology: stature, leaf/floral traits, etc.
Fig. 6.18
Geranium
sanguineum
in common garden

12. Ecotypes Ecotypic traits Morphology: stature, leaf/floral traits, etc.
Phenology: timing life

13. Ecotypes Ex. ecophysiological ecotypes: alpine sorrel (Oxyria digyna).
Arctic (hi latitude) & alpine (hi altitude) tundra

14. Ecotypes Ex: Agrostis tenuis (bentgrass) England
Pasture grass: Roman metal mines

15. Ecotypes
Ex:
Ecotypes: few

16. Ecotypes Ecotypes: not always
Ex, foothill pine (Pinus sabiniana): normal vs. serpentine soils

17. Ecotypes Serpentine: lots Mg, Ni, Cr (little Ca) Soil: low N, P
high Cr, Ni
low Ca/Mg ratio
Serpentine
barrens

18. Ecotypes
Ecotype on serpentine? No.

19. Acclimation
Phenotype = genotype + current env.
Acclimation: Temp.

20. Acclimation Ex, Senecio vulgaris (groundsel) Germ. dif. temps.
Grown same temp. 80 d.

21. Ecotypes: Practical applications
Revegetation/reforestation
Revegetating mine spoil

22. Ecotypes: Practical applications
Ex, who am I?

23. Ecotypes: Practical applications
5 “seed zones”

24. Ecotypes: Practical applications
Often info not avail.
Solution: collect seeds locally!

25. Ch. 7: Plant Growth and Reproduction

26. Ch. 7: Plant Growth
Growth form: how plant builds

27. Plant Growth
Raunkiaer growth form system
Herr Raunkiaer
(Danish)

28. Plant Growth Includes: size, lifespan, woodiness
Nutrition (parasite, etc.)
Baobab
tree (Africa)

29. Plant Growth Includes: features (spines, trichomes, etc.)
leaf traits (size, shape, evergreen or deciduous, etc.)

30. Plant Growth
Includes:
Phenology
location
Fig. 7.2

31. Plant Growth Main Raunkiaer categories (7):
1) Phanerophyte: bud >50 cm

32. Plant Growth Main Raunkiaer categories (7): 2) Chamaephyte: bud <50
Vaccinium pallidum

33. Plant Growth Main Raunkiaer categories (7): 3) Hemicryptophyte: bud
Ex, who am I? (Lab #2)
C4…

34. Plant Growth Main Raunkiaer categories (7):
4) Cryptophyte (geophyte): below-ground bud (ex, bulb plants)
Who am I? (Lab #2)

35. Plant Growth Main Raunkiaer categories (7):
5) Therophyte: seed overwinters (annuals)
CA “desert
candles”

36. Plant Growth Main Raunkiaer categories (7): 6) Liana: woody vine
Lab #1?
Lab #2 (black belt)?

37. Plant Growth Main Raunkiaer categories (7): 7) Epiphyte: germinates &
Lab #2: Who am I??

38. Epiphyte Focus Effect on host:
None (commensalism: 1 benefits, other unaffected)
(+,0)

39. Epiphyte Focus Effect on host:
Positive. Canopy roots (host): roots in epiphyte mats
Mutualism: (
Trees known
to form canopy
roots

40. Parasitic Epiphytes
Negative: Parasites (tap host)
Parasitism. (+,-)

41. Parasitic Epiphytes Holoparasites: No chlorophyll.
Haustoria (mod. roots)
“Witches hair”
“Love vine”

42. Parasitic Epiphytes
Hemiparasites: Chlorophyll-- water & nutrients from host xylem
Ex, Who am I? (Lab #2)