1. Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages
Certificate IV TESOL
Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages
10317NAT
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2. Unit 2/3 Session 5 September 24th 2016
Analyze & Teach English Language
Teach English Grammar
In this session, we will be looking at:
Parts of speech
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3. Teach English Grammar
We need both functional and traditional grammars for an overall, comprehensive understanding of the world of grammar.
Functional Grammar – uses a ‘top down’ approach where the staring point is the big picture of social purposes of language. F G talks about participants and we see that they are represented in words through noun groups which can contain articles, adjectives, nouns.
Traditional Grammar – uses a ‘bottom up’ approach where we focus on words and sentences and the form of language. T G gives us common language for focusing on form – talking about how specific language chunks are created.
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4. Grammar and language learning
Discuss in pairs:
Think of a child, how do they acquire language? What is the process they go through to learn their L1 (First language)?
If we do not teach children grammatical terms when they begin the language learning process, why then do we need to know all of these terms when learning a L2? Can’t older people learn in the same way?
How does language learning differ in childhood from adulthood? Why?
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5. Parts of speech WORD CLASSES
Semantics – what does it mean? (Dictionary meaning)
Structural – what is the form? What does it look like?
Functional – what part does it play in the sentence?
Derivational morpheme - is an affix that's added to a word to create a new word or a new form of a word. Compare with inflectional morpheme. Derivational morphemes can change the grammatical category (or part of speech) of a word.
Inflectional morpheme - is a suffix that's added to a word to assign a particular grammatical property to that word. Compare with derivational morpheme. Inflectional morphemes serve as grammatical markers that indicate tense, number, possession, or comparison.
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6. Semantics – name of a person, place or thing. Structural
NOUNS
Semantics – name of a person, place or thing.
Structural
Derivational morphemes (-ity, -ness, -hood, -dom, -ion).
Inflectional morphemes (plural -s, possessive – ‘s).
Function
Subject of a sentence
Object of a sentence
The complement of a copular verb (always after a linking verb e.g. “BE” or “seem”
E.g. (‘doctor’ in “He’s a doctor.” SVC) or (‘happy’ in “Tom seems happy.” SVC)
Indirect object (whom)
Can come after a preposition
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7. Semantics – describing actions of states of being Structural
VERBS
Semantics – describing actions of states of being
Structural
Derivational morphemes ( - ise, -ate, -ify).
Inflectional morphemes (3rd person singular -s “he walks”, simple past tense: ed, past participle: ed, -n “walked, shown”, present participle: ing.)
Grammatical function – the verb is the only absolutely essential component of a sentence.
Verb types
Dynamic (action, doing) verbs
E.g. walk, fantasise, google, sleep
Stative (state) verbs (being)
E.g. be, feel, know, have (meaning possess), understand (not used in continuous tenses)
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8. Ditransitive (two object verbs): Robbie sent a letter to Cecilia.
Verbs can be:
Transitive (objects verbs – requires an object to convey the full meaning): Ian McEwan wrote Atonement.
Intransitive (non object verbs): Something terrible happens in the story
Ditransitive (two object verbs): Robbie sent a letter to Cecilia.
Copular verbs
linking verbs of complement verbs
they tell you more about the subject
the complement completes the meaning of the verb e.g. be, seem, look, smell, become.
E.g. “She looks incredible in that green dress” SV(copular)A
Phrasal verbs
Made up of a ‘normal’ verb plus a particle (adverb or preposition) e.g. look after, log on, show off, put up with.
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9. Tense – inflection change in form - Present simple and past simple
VERBS
Tense and aspect
Tense – inflection change in form - Present simple and past simple
Aspect – perfect aspect (perfective) for whether something has been completed or not. E.g. verb + have + ed “I’ve finished the painting.”
Aspect – continuous aspect (progressive) for whether an action is in progress or not. Verb + be + ing “He’s walking the dog.”
E.g. present (tense) progressive (aspect)
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10. Semantics – describing word Structural
ADJECTIVES
Semantics – describing word
Structural
Derivational morphemes (-ful, -ive, -ish, -able, -ent).
Inflectional morphemes (-er, -est) comparative and superlative
Grammar function
Come before a determiner and a noun (attributive), “A handsome young man.”
After a copular verb (predictive) “Lewis is sensational in his new movie.”
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11. Comparison adjectives (show adj) add -er, and – est
Order
Comparison adjectives (show adj) add -er, and – est
Superlatives must have ‘the’ e.g. “the brightest”
Long adj (3 syllables +) use ‘more’ or ‘most’ e.g. “the most delightful.”
Two syllable adj use ‘more’ e.g. “more careful”, “more gorgeous”
Two syllable adj ending in -y (add – er, -est)
Gradable / non gradable
most adjectives are gradable (hot, wet, interesting, jealous) we intensify by adding ADVERBS such as (very, fairly, incredibly, pretty, bloody).
Non-gradable adjectives are adjectives like ‘married’ or ‘wooden’. You can’t be very married or a bit married. Non-gradable adjectives do not have different degrees.
Adjectives like ‘terrifying’, ‘freezing’ ‘amazing’ are also non-gradable adjectives. They already contain the idea of ‘very’ in their definitions – ‘freezing’ means ‘very cold’ etc.
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12. Derivational morphemes (some - ly).
ADVERBS
Semantics – added to the verb. Describing direction, location, time, manner of frequency, and degree.
Structural
Derivational morphemes (some - ly).
Inflectional morphemes – a few inflect for comparative / superlative.
Grammatical function
Adverbs modify verbs e.g. “She drives carefully.”
Adverbs intensify adjectives e.g. “You look absolutely marvellous.”
Intensify other adverbs e.g. “She works incredibly hard.”
Intensify whole sentences e.g. “Unfortunately, there is no wine left in the bottle.”
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13. Semantics – helps you do something e.g. mark tense TO BE is used:
AUXILIARY VERBS
Semantics – helps you do something e.g. mark tense
TO BE is used:
Present participle to make continuous tense e.g. “Freddy is studying.”
Past participle to make passive voice forms. “The dishes were washed by Jane.”
Present participle to make future progressive e.g. “I will be planting my own veggie garden this summer.”
TO DO is used:
Used to mark tense – it is meaningless
To make a question and negatives in the present simple and past simple E.g. “Do you like to go running?”
To make affirmative present simple and past simple statements
E.g. “We did prepare our homework for Mrs. Da Silva!”
E.g. “We do enjoy going for a walk each night!”
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14. With the past participle to make the perfect tense
TO HAVE is used:
With the past participle to make the perfect tense
E.g. “She has had that car for years!”
Modal Auxiliaries
Can, will, may, might, shall, should, could, would, must.
They have their own rules:
Used to express possibility, desire, doubt, etc.
Bare infinitive – take infinitive without ‘to’ e.g. “I shall invite them.”
There is no 3rd person singular form
They from negatives by adding ‘not’ e.g. “I wouldn’t do that if I were you.”
They form questions by inverting e.g. “Could you help me, please?”
Limited in tenses
They cannot be preceded by another modal
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15. Semantic – stand in the place of a noun Grammatical function
PRONOUNS
Semantic – stand in the place of a noun
Grammatical function
Personal pronouns (I, me, you, he, him, she, her, they, them, we, us, it). Personal pronouns are the most highly inflected class as they inflect for gender (he/she), number (I/we), case (I, me, mine).
Indefinite pronouns (someone, anyone, everybody, anybody, each, all)
Relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that, what)
Possessive pronouns (my, our, your, his, her, their, its)
Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those)
Quantifiers (one, several, much) e.g. “I haven’t got one.”
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16. Followed by a noun, pronoun or noun phrase
PREPOSITIONS
Semantics - a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause.
Function
Followed by a noun, pronoun or noun phrase
They can make connections between words
They mark:
Place e.g. on the table, in the soup, above the houses
Time e.g. at 4 o’clock, in two weeks, for three years
Instrument e.g. with a hammer, by reading
Direction e.g. into the cup, towards the window, through the park
Manner e.g. with great sensitivity, in an authoritative tone
They can be
One word (by, with, from)
Several words (on account of, in the event of)
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17. Prepositions of time
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18. Prepositions of place
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19. Always come before a noun
DETERMINERS
Semantics
Always come before a noun
Sometime one or more adjectives can come between the determiner and the noun e.g. “It is a beautiful garden.” (Determiner/adj/noun)
There cannot be two determiners together
Function
Articles (an, the a), (possessive adjectives - your, mine, his…) and
(demonstrative pronouns – this, that, these, those)
Quantifiers (much, many, some, any, few, little…)
Numbers (one, two, three…)
Originals (first, last, next, thirty-first…)
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20. DEFINITE ARTICLES & INDEFINATE ARTICLES
Semantics – one type of determiner
Function
A, AN, THE or zero article
Depends on whether the noun that follows is: single or plural, countable or uncountable, general or specific
CONJUCTIONS
CC – Coordinating Conjunctions (and, but, or, unless)
SC - Subordinating Conjunctions (because, although, since, if, after)
You cannot have two conjunctions together.
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21. Conjunctions
Conjunctions or otherwise known as joining / connecting words.
Conjunctions join words, phrases, clauses or whole sentences, connecting related ideas or elements.
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22. They are usually spoken words like “hey!” or “oh!” COLLOCATIONS
INTERJECTIONS
They are usually spoken words like “hey!” or “oh!”
COLLOCATIONS
See dictionary - ozdic.com
Why certain words occur together
e.g. make a salad, bake a cake, etc.
IDIOM
“It’s raining cats and dogs.”
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23. Morphemes
Prefix - is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning.
Suffix - is a group of letters placed at the end of a word to make a new word. A suffix can make a new word in one of two ways:
inflectional (grammatical): for example, changing singular to plural (dog → dogs), or changing present tense to past tense (walk → walked). In this case, the basic meaning of the word does not change.
derivational (the new word has a new meaning, "derived" from the original word): for example, teach → teacher or care → careful
TASK:
Complete task 2/3.5 of your workbook
Use page 51 of your textbook as reference
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24. Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms
Antonyms are words that mean the opposite of other words. The antonym of big is small, for example. English also lets its speakers make their own antonyms just by adding a prefix. Can you give me an example?
Synonyms
Synonyms are words that share meanings with other words.
Can you give me an example?
Homonyms
Homonyms are words that sound alike but have different meanings. They're great. They are source of entertainment, confusion, and inspiration. Can you give me an example?
Read more at
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