1. China

2. From Ming to Qing Dynasty
1644, the Manchus, a semi-nomadic people from northeast of the Great Wall, conquered the crumbling Ming state and established their own Qing (or Pure) dynasty (pronounced “shing” or “ching”)

3. Economic Changes Running out of farm land by 1700s = unrest & revolts
– 85% of population are farmers
Massive population boom: by the end of 1700s, 300 million
Causes:
Stability under early Qing Dynasty
Faster growing type of rice
Running out of farm land by 1700s = unrest & revolts
Increased manufacturing and trade
Porcelain, silk, cotton

4. No Commercial Capitalism
Middle class merchants and manufacturers not as independent as in Europe – strict government control
Culture of trade and manufacturing being inferior to farming
Heavy taxes on manufacturing and trade compared to farming

5. Family Society organized around family structure
Family expected to take care of one-another’s needs:
education of children, support of unmarried daughters, care for the elderly
Extended family of 3 or 4 generations living in the same home
Clan was dozens or hundreds of related families linked in a clan council – wealthier families could help poor relatives

6. Women
Inferior to men
Only men get a formal education and have government or as an intellectual
Could not divorce or inherit property (husband could divorce her if she did not have any sons)
Man can take second wife – but men had to provide for the extended family

7. Footbinding
Footbinding - status intentions, if you could afford not to work, your feet were broken and tied tightly to force them to be extremely tiny (often had to be carried around)

8. Qing Novels & Art
Novels developed during the Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty – upper and middle class are readers
Qing embraced Chinese cultural traditions and the court became a leading patron in the arts
Landscape in the Style of Huang Gongwang, dated Wang Shimin

9. Kangxi Emperor (Kong-shee) 1661-1722
Considered one of China's greatest emperors
Brought about long-term stability and relative wealth after years of war and chaos
By the end of his reign, the Qing Empire controlled a massive empire
He suppressed the Revolt of the Three Feudatories

10. Revolt of the Three Feudatories
South and Southwest China was given to the three main generals who had fought the most there in the 1650s. Emperor Kangxi wished to keep them under control, but they rebelled = Qing military victory.
Results:
China became a unified country
Emperor Kangxi’s treatment of the peasant classes won their loyalty away from the former ruling family
the unification re-established the flow of revenue to the capitol from feudatory areas

11. Qianlong Emperor (Chi-en lung) 1735 - 1796 Expansion of Territory
Creation of a Multiethnic State
Art Patronage
Universal Monarch - saw himself as the emperor of all ethnic groups in his empire, and also all beyond the empire
Contingent of Jesuit missionaries who had come to China during the Kangxi Emperor's reign incorporated into the activities of the Qianlong Emperor's court

12. Canton System of Trade
The Canton System (1757–1842) served as a means for China to control trade with the west within its own country by focusing all trade on the southern port of Canton (now Guangzhou).
In 1760 under the Qianlong Emperor, they became officially sanctioned as a monopoly known as the Cohong.
Thereafter Chinese merchants dealing with foreign trade acted through the Cohong 

13. Vigilance Towards Foreign Barbarian Regulations
1) Trade by "foreign barbarians" in Canton is prohibited during the winter.
2) "Foreign barbarians" coming to the city must reside in the foreign factories under the supervision and control of the Cohong.
3) Chinese citizens are barred from borrowing capital from "foreign barbarians" and from employment by them.
4) Chinese citizens must not attempt to gain information on the current market situation from "foreign barbarians"
5) Inbound "Foreign barbarian" vessels must anchor in the Whampoa Roads and await inspection by the authorities

14. Japan

15. Tokugawa Ieyasu Daimyo of Edo (now Tokyo) takes control of Japan
Took title of shogun in 1603 (a hereditary military dictator)
Restoration of central government
Tokugawa rule led to the “Great Peace”

16. Europeans in Japan
Daimyo traded for European firearms and weapons, and other items like tobacco, clocks, glasses and more were in demand
Jesuits had converted some daimyo, but they began destroying shrines
Tokugawa expelled missionaries, and Christian Japanese were prosecuted (just at a time the Jesuits are being received at the imperial court in China), and by 1614 a concerted effort to end all Christian practice is underway. (There are an estimated 300,000 Christians in Japan at this time.)
Tokugawa also stopped virtually all European trade

17. Tokugawa Rule: Shogun & Daimyo
250 territories called hans each ruled by a daimyo
Shoguns controlled daimyos through a hostage system in which daimyo had to keep their own territory as well as residence in the shogunate court in Edo
If the daimyo could not be in Edo, his family would be forced to stay there
Samurai warriors who served the daimyo became land managers instead

18. Economic Changes: Urban
Previously, upper-class Japanese had seen trade and industry as beneath them
Under Tokugawa, trade and industry flourished
Banking flourished, paper money was normalized
Japanese merchant class on the increase

19. Economic Changes: Rural
Peasant farmers are the majority of the population
Some families began growing cash crops
Most suffered from decreased profit and increased taxes
Many became tenants or had to be hired help
Over 7000 peasant revolts and demonstrations occurred under Tokugawa rule

20. Isolationism
Tokugawa Shogunate prohibits trade with Western nations, prohibits Japanese from going abroad to trade (ending the unofficial piracy and trade on the China coast
"Act of Seclusion" (1636) setting forth these conditions, Japan is effectively "secluded" from interchange with Western Europe for the next 200 years.
Only the Dutch retain a small outpost and "Dutch learning" forms the basis of the Japanese knowledge of developments in the West throughout this period
The East Asian political order, with China at the center, is reinforced.

21. Class System
Class Distinctions: Warrior, Peasant, Artisan & Merchant (marriage between classes forbidden)
Eta (outcasts with extreme rules to follow)

22. Role of Women
Samurai class → rights of females restricted, male heads of households have authority over property, marriage and divorce
Lower classes → parents arrange marriages, wife moves in with husband’s family, if wife did not meet expectations the husband could divorce her
Valued as child-bearers and homemakers
Both sexes work the fields with men having heavier labour

23. Tokugawa Literature
Literature: new urban fiction by authors like Ihara Saikaku
Five Women Who Loved Love – five women of the merchant class and all but one die for love
Lighthearted and meant for pleasure
Poetry was more serious – Matsuo Basho (“greatest poet”) – greatest master of hokku (haiku)
“The Old Pond”
Furuike ya  kawazu tobikomu  mizu no oto
The old pond-  a frog jumps in, sound of water.

24. Tokugawa Theatre & Art
Kabuki theatre: emphasizes action, music and dramatic gestures – early kabuki deals with world of teahouses and dancehalls in the city
Government forbade women to act in them in order to uphold morals = New professional class of male actors to portray women
Daimyo build beautiful homes in Edo (competing with one another for best one, use of gold foil to give light)
Japanese art inspired by other cultures like Korea, China and the West