1. Nationalism and the Spread of Democracy (1790–1914)
Lesson 8 Nationalism in Eastern Europe and Russia

2. Nationalism and the Spread of Democracy (1790–1914)
Lesson 8 Nationalism in Eastern Europe and Russia
Learning Objectives
Explain how nationalism challenged Austria and the Ottoman Empire.
Summarize major obstacles to progress in Russia.
Describe the cycle of absolutism, reform, and reaction followed by the tsars.
Explain how industrialization contributed to the outbreak of revolution in 1905.

3. Nationalism and the Spread of Democracy (1790–1914)
Lesson 8 Nationalism in Eastern Europe and Russia
Key Terms
Francis Joseph
Ferenc Deák
Dual Monarchy
colossus,
Alexander II
Crimean War.
emancipation,
zemstvos,
pogroms,
refugees,
Duma,
Peter Stolypin

4. Nationalism Endangers Old Empires
In Eastern and Central Europe, the Austrian Hapsburgs and the Ottoman Turks ruled lands that included diverse ethnic groups. During the 1800s, nationalist feelings spread among these subjected people, which contributed to tensions in Europe. Nationalism, which had brought unity to countries like Germany and Italy, would undermine multi-ethnic empires like that of the Austrian Hapsburgs and the Ottoman Turks. Why did nationalism bring new strength to some countries and weaken others?
- Ruling a vast empire consisting of many nationalities was a great challenge to the Hapsburg monarchs.
Austrian emperor Francis I (“Rule and change nothing”) censored newspapers and attempted to limit industrial development.
The Hapsburgs faced problems of industrial life: growth of cities, working class discontent, and socialist ideals.
Almost half belonged to different Slavic groups, including Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.

5. Francis granted a new constitution and set up a legislature.
Nationalism Endangers Old Empires
Hapsburgs ignored nationalist demands, and when revolts broke out in 1848, the government crushed them.
Francis Joseph inherited the Hapsburg throne, and trying to recover from defeats from France and Sardinia, he strengthened the empire at home.
Francis granted a new constitution and set up a legislature.
The reforms did not satisfy the other national groups.
The Hungarians were determined to settle for nothing less than self-government.

6. Nationalism Endangers Old Empires
Nationalist revolts broke out in 1848 across the multinational Austrian Hapsburg empire. Vienna burns during the fighting in October of that year.

7. The Dual Monarchy
Austria’s disastrous defeat in the 1866 war with Prussia brought renewed pressure for change from Hungarians within the empire. One year later, Ferenc Deák (DEH ahk), a moderate Hungarian leader, helped work out a compromise that created a new political power known as the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
Austria and Hungary were separate states: each had its own constitution and parliament.
They shared ministries of defense, finance, foreign affairs, and Francis Joseph.
Nationalist leaders called on Slavs to unite, stating that “only through liberty, equality, and fraternal solidarity” could Slavic peoples fulfill their “great mission in the history of mankind.”
Nationalist unrest often left the government stagnant in the face of pressing political and social problems.

8. The Dual Monarchy
Many subject nationalities were excluded from power in the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Among them, the peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

9. The Ottoman Empire Declines
Like the Hapsburgs, the Ottomans ruled a multinational empire. It stretched from Eastern Europe and the Balkans to North Africa and the Middle East. There, as in Austria, nationalist demands tore at the fabric of the empire.
During the 1800s, various subject peoples staged revolts against the Ottomans, hoping to set up their own independent states.
European powers sought to divide up the Ottoman Empire due to it weak status.
Austria Hungary took Bosnia and Herzegovina and Britain and France took the Middle East and Africa.
Germany supported Austrian authority over the discontented national groups.
Germany encouraged the Ottomans because of their strategic location in the eastern Mediterranean.

10. The Ottoman Empire Declines
People referred to this region as the Balkan powder keg by the early 1900’s.

11. The Ottoman Empire Declines
Analyze Political Cartoons European powers were eager to profit from Ottoman weakness. What are Austria-Hungary (left) and Russia (center) doing in this cartoon?

12. The Ottoman Empire Declines
Analyze Maps By 1914, there were several new, independent countries in the Balkans, such as Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania. Based on the map, do you think the people of these new countries felt that their independence was secure? Explain.

13. By 1815 Russia was largest most populated nation in Europe.
Russia Tries Reform
During the 1800s, Russia expanded its empire eastward into Asia but faced rising demands for reform at home. Reformers hoped to bring Enlightenment ideals such as constitutional government and social justice. They called for an end to autocratic rule and urged the tsar to modernize Russia. Under pressure, tsars introduced some reforms, but soon reverted to repression when ongoing unrest threatened their throne.
By 1815 Russia was largest most populated nation in Europe.
Russia acquired a vast multi-national empire over parts of Europe and Asia.
Russia’s size posed a threat to European powers.
Tsars saw the need to modernize, but they resisted reforms that would undermine absolute rule.
Serfdom had almost disappeared in Western Europe by the 1700s, but it had survived spread in Russia.
Serfs: peasants, servants, artisans, and soldiers.

14. Russia Tries Reform
Tsars drew back from their reforms when they began to fear losing the support of nobles.
Liberal and nationalist changes brought about by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution had almost no effect on Russian autocracy.
3 pillars of absolutism: orthodoxy, autocracy, and absolute government.
Russian nationalism called for respect for Russian traditions and suppression of non-Russian groups.

15. Russia Tries Reform
Russian peasant women clearing stones from a field. In the 1800s, Russia still had an economy that was largely agricultural.

16. Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution
During much of the 1800s, tsars moved back and forth between reform and repression. In mid-century, the tsar Alexander II moved toward reform, but his death at the hands of an assassin led to a return to repression.
The Crimean War had broken out after Russia tried to seize Ottoman lands.
The war revealed the country’s weaknesses: Russia had only a few miles of railroads, and the military bureaucracy was inefficient.
Russia’s defeat caused many to see reform, so Alexander II emancipated the serfs.
Many peasants moved to the cities, taking jobs in factories and building Russian industries.
Alexander set up a local government along with elected assemblies (zemstvos) who were responsible for road repair, schools, and agriculture.

17. - Peasants, radicals, and liberals demanded more reform.
Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution
- Other Reforms: trial by jury, reforming censorship, reduction of military service, and encouraged industry.
- Peasants, radicals, and liberals demanded more reform.
- Failure to reform and renewed repression led to violence and the assassination of Alexander II.
- Alexander III wiped out liberals and revolutionaries, increased the power of secret police, restored censorship, and exiled critics to Siberia.
- Under Alexander III, the persecution of Russia’s Jewish population increased.
- Official persecution encouraged pogroms, or violent mob attacks on Jewish people.

18. Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution
A Crimean War battle between Russian troops (left) and Italian troops from Sardinia (right).

19. Loans from France helped Russia build the Trans-Siberian Railway.
The Beginnings of Industrialization
By the late 1800s, Russia had finally entered the industrial age under Alexander III and his son Nicholas II. Russia had several factors of production needed to industrialize. It had vast natural resources, including land and minerals. Its large population included peasants and the beginnings of an urban working class. Over time, a new industrial class emerged with the capital and drive to invest in economic development.
- Russia encouraged the building of railroads to connect iron and coal mines with factories and to transport goods across Russia.
Loans from France helped Russia build the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Industrialization increased social and political problems.
Government and business encouraged economic growth, while nobles were opposed to it.
Industrialization also created new social ills as peasants flocked to cities to work in factories.

20. The Beginnings of Industrialization
- Socialists often handed out pamphlets that preached the revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx, who won support among the new industrial worker.

21. The Beginnings of Industrialization
An iron foundry in Lysva, Russia, in Draw Conclusions How did industrialization affect demands for reform in Russia?

22. The Road to Revolution
When war broke out between Russia and Japan in 1904, Nicholas II called on his people to fight for “the Faith, the Tsar, and the Fatherland.” Despite patriotic slogans and great sacrifices, the Russians suffered one humiliating defeat after another.
Liberals called for a constitution and reforms to overhaul the government.
Bloody Sunday marked a turning point for Russians and killed the people’s faith and trust in the tsar.
Terrorists targeted officials, and some assassins were cheered as heroes by discontented Russians.
In the October Manifesto, he promised “freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly, and union.
Moderates approved the manifesto which left the Socialists to be isolated

23. By 1914, Russia was still an autocracy, but one simmering with unrest
The Road to Revolution
Nicholas then appointed Peter Stolypin (stuh lip yin) a conservative, as his prime minister, who strengthened the zemstvos and improved education before he was assassinated.
By 1914, Russia was still an autocracy, but one simmering with unrest

24. The Road to Revolution
Russian soldiers fire on peaceful protesters in front of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg in January This event came to be known as Bloody Sunday.