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Basic Structure of a Cell
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Review Facts About Living Things
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What Are the Main Characteristics of organisms?
Made of CELLS Require ENERGY (food) REPRODUCE (species) Maintain HOMEOSTASIS (balance) ORGANIZED (internal systems) RESPOND to stimulus GROW and DEVELOP EVOLVES and adapts to its environment copyright cmassengale
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History of the Cell Theory
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History of Cells & the Cell Theory
Cell Specialization copyright cmassengale
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First to View Cells In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cell walls) What he saw looked like small boxes copyright cmassengale
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First to View Cells Hooke is responsible for naming cells Hooke called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells copyright cmassengale
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek In 1673, Leeuwenhoek (a Dutch microscope maker), was first to view organism (living things) Leeuwenhoek used a simple, handheld microscope to view pond water & scrapings from his teeth copyright cmassengale
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Beginning of the Cell Theory
In 1838, a German botanist named Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells Schleiden is a cofounder of the cell theory copyright cmassengale
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Beginning of the Cell Theory
In 1839, a German zoologist named Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals were made of cells Schwann also cofounded the cell theory copyright cmassengale
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Beginning of the Cell Theory
In 1855, a German medical doctor named Rudolph Virchow observed, under the microscope, cells dividing He reasoned that all cells come from other pre-existing cells by cell division copyright cmassengale
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CELL THEORY 1. All living things are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life) 3. Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division) copyright cmassengale
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Cell Size and Types Cells, the basic units of organisms, can only be observed under microscope Three Basic types of cells include: Bacterial Cell Animal Cell Plant Cell copyright cmassengale
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Which Cell Type is Larger?
_________ > _____________ > ___________ Plant cell Animal cell bacteria copyright cmassengale
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Typical cells range from 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter
CELL SIZE Typical cells range from 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter copyright cmassengale
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Number of Cells Although ALL living things are made of cells, organisms may be: Unicellular – composed of one cell Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc. copyright cmassengale
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Specialized Animal Cells
Muscle cells Red blood cells Cheek cells copyright cmassengale
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Specialized Plant cells
Pollen Xylem cells copyright cmassengale
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Simple or Complex Cells
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Prokaryotes – The first Cells Means “before nucleus”
PRO NO, PRO NO, PRO NO No Nucleus Cells that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles Includes Bacteria and Archaebacterial Simplest type of cell Single, circular DNA copyright cmassengale
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Prokaryotes Region in the center contains the DNA Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall Contain ribosomes (no membrane) in their cytoplasm to make proteins copyright cmassengale
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Eukaryotes means “true nucleus”
EU DO, YOU DO Cells that HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Includes protists,fungi, plants, and animals More complex type of cells Evolved from Prokaryotes copyright cmassengale
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Eukaryotic Cell Contain 3 basic cell structures: Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm with membrane bound organelles copyright cmassengale
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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Animal Cell Plant Cell copyright cmassengale
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Types of Cells Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Animal Bacteria Plant Write into your notes copyright cmassengale
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STOP copyright cmassengale
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Organelles copyright cmassengale
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Organelles Very small (Microscopic) Perform various functions for a cell Found in the cytoplasm May or may not be membrane-bound copyright cmassengale
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Animal Cell Organelles
Ribosome (attached) Nucleolus Ribosome (free) Nucleus Cell Membrane Nuclear envelope Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Golgi apparatus copyright cmassengale
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Plant Cell Organelles copyright cmassengale
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Cell Wall Cell wall Very tough outer layer Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria Made of cellulose in plants Made of chitin in Fungi copyright cmassengale
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LIKE A WALL THAT SURROUNDS A CITY
Cell Wall Supports and protects cell Found outside of the cell membrane LIKE A WALL THAT SURROUNDS A CITY copyright cmassengale
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Cell or Plasma Membrane
Surrounds outside of ALL cells (plant, animal & bacteria) Controls what enters or leaves the cell Provides protection and support Outside of cell Inside (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains copyright cmassengale
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Cell or plasma membrane
It is like a border of a city. It is very selective (it inly allows certain thing inside)! copyright cmassengale
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Nucleus Controls the activities of the cell Contains the DNA in chromosomes Bounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores Usually the largest organelle copyright cmassengale
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More on the Nucleus Nucleus Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes Genes control cell characteristics Found in both plants and animal cells copyright cmassengale
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What Does DNA do? DNA is the hereditary material of the cell Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for different proteins copyright cmassengale
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Nucleus It is like the mayor of the city. He knows and controls what happens in the city. copyright cmassengale
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Cytoplasm of a Cell cytoplasm Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane Supports and protects the organelles copyright cmassengale
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More on Cytoplasm cytoplasm Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs Found in ALL cells (plant, animal & bacteria) Like sidewalks found in the city. copyright cmassengale
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Golgi Bodies Stacks of flattened sacs Processes and packages molecules, like lipids and proteins made by the cell Found in both plant and animal cells CIS TRANS Transport vesicle copyright cmassengale
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Golgi Bodies Looks like a stack of pancakes Modify, sort, & package Molecules for storage OR transport out of cell. Like the UPS of the city! copyright cmassengale
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Golgi Animation ER Golgi Body Materials are transported from Rough ER to Golgi to the cell membrane by VESICLES copyright cmassengale
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Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER
Found in both plant and animal cells Network of tubes Transport materials throughout the cell Two types Smooth (no ribosome) Rough (covered with ribosomes) copyright cmassengale
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Endomembrane System Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane (transport) copyright cmassengale
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Like the highways in a city! copyright cmassengale
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Ribosomes Found in ALL cell types “Protein factories” for cell Join amino acids to make proteins Amino Acid Protein copyright cmassengale
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Can be attached to Rough ER Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes Can be attached to Rough ER OR Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm copyright cmassengale
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Ribosomes Like a iPhone factory in the city! Takes a bunch of small parts and makes a final useful product. copyright cmassengale
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Mitochondrion (plural = mitochondria)
“Powerhouse” of the cell Generate cellular energy (ATP) More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria (need more energy) Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria Breaks down Glucose to release usable energy copyright cmassengale
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MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA (It comes from your mom) Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE (increases surface area for more chemical Reactions) copyright cmassengale
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What do mitochondria do?
“Power plant” of the cell Burns glucose to release energy (ATP) Stores energy as ATP copyright cmassengale
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Like a Power plant in the city!
Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion ( mitochondria ) Rod shape Like a Power plant in the city! copyright cmassengale
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Vacuoles Fluid filled sacks Animal Cells: Small or absent Plant cells: have a very large Central Vacuole Bacterial cells: No vacuoles copyright cmassengale
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Vacuoles Used for storage: food, water or waste Like warehouses, water towers or garbage dumps in the city! copyright cmassengale
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Lysosomes Found in animal cells only Contain digestive enzymes Break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts for cells Also helps destroy the cell when it is old and dying copyright cmassengale
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Lysosome Digestion Cells take in food by phagocytosis Lysosomes digest the food & get rid of wastes copyright cmassengale
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Like a recycling center in the city!
Lysosomes Like a recycling center in the city! copyright cmassengale
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Chloroplasts Found only in producers (plants and some organisms that make energy from sunlight) Oval-shaped Green in color due to chlorophyll (this is where plants get their green color) copyright cmassengale
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Chloroplasts Contains its own DNA Never in animal or bacterial cells Photosynthesis – food making process copyright cmassengale
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Chloroplasts It’s like solar panels on a building in the city. copyright cmassengale
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Centrioles Found only in animal cells Paired structures near nucleus Aide when it is time for the cell to divide (make copies of itself) Like kids playing Tug-o-War in the city Journey into the cell video copyright cmassengale
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