1. RO Basics and System set up
Philipp Raichle +61 (0) )
Product & Marketing Manager – Treatment Oceania

2. The Blue Planet – Interesting Facts
~70% of the earth’s surface is covered with water
~2.6% is freshwater
~2% of the ~2.6% (freshwater) is trapped in ice
~0.592% of the ~2.6% available as groundwater
~0.014% of the ~2.6 available as surface water
The is NO “new” Water on this planet; we drink the same water as the dinosaurs did!

3. Agenda RO System Overview Basics Osmosis / Reverse Osmosis
RO Membranes & Arrangement
Water Contaminants

4. Agenda RO System Overview Basics Osmosis / Reverse Osmosis
RO Membranes & Arrangement
Water Contaminants

5. RO System Overview Pre-Treatment, e.g. Media Filter Feed Water Pump
Chemical Dosing
Cartridge Filter
High Pressure Pump
Reverse Osmosis Skid
Permeate Tank
Chemical Dosing
Brine Stream

6. RO System Overview Water after treatment to clean for consumption!
Water Source
Water Usage
30%
Pre-Filtration, e.g. Media Filter
Feed Water Pump
Anti – Scalant Dosing
Cartridge Filter
High Pressure Pump
Reverse Osmosis Membrane
Permeate Tank
Caustic Dosing
Brine Stream
70%

7. Agenda RO System Overview Basics Osmosis / Reverse Osmosis
RO Membranes & Arrangement
Water Contaminants

8. Basics Osmosis / Reverse Osmosis
Osmosis – Definition
Tendency of the Water to migrate from a lower saline solution to a higher saline solution through a Semi-Permeable Membrane in order to equalize the potential on both sites of the Membrane
The Semi-Permeable Membrane
A biological or synthetic polymeric Membrane that will allow certain molecules to pass through and holds others back
Reverse Osmosis
Simply stated the reversal of the natural Osmosis process by which water is forced by pressure through a Semi-Permeable Membrane from a higher saline solution to a lower saline solution where most Ions will be rejected by the Semi-Permeable Membrane

9. Basics Osmosis / Reverse Osmosis
Higher Saline Solution
Water Flow
Low Saline Solution
Semi-Permeable Membrane
Osmosis

10. Basics Osmosis / Reverse Osmosis
Osmosis – can be stopped by applying pressure
Higher Saline Solution
Water Flow
Low Saline Solution
Semi-Permeable Membrane

11. Basics Osmosis / Reverse Osmosis
Osmotic Pressure
Higher Saline Solution
Water Flow
Low Saline Solution
Semi-Permeable Membrane
TDS
Osmotic Pressure*
100 mg/l
1 psi, bar
1,000 mg/l
10 psi, 0.7 bar
3,000 mg/l
30 psi, 2.1 bar
35,000 mg/l
350 psi, 24 bar
*estimates

12. Basics Osmosis / Reverse Osmosis
Osmotic Pressure
No Water Flow
High TDS Concentration
Low TDS Concentration
Membrane
Pressure

13. Basics Osmosis / Reverse Osmosis
Normal Osmosis
High TDS Concentration
Low TDS Concentration
Membrane
Water Flow

14. Basics Osmosis / Reverse Osmosis
Water Flow
High TDS Concentration
Low TDS Concentration
Membrane
High Pressure

15. Agenda RO System Overview Basics Osmosis / Reverse Osmosis
RO Membranes & Arrangement
Water Contaminants

16. RO Membranes & Arrangement
Source: Hydranautics

17. RO Membranes & Arrangement

18. RO Membranes & Arrangement
Pressure Vessel
Brine Seal
Membrane end Plug
Anti-Telescoping Device
RO Membrane
End-Cap Adapter
Thrust Collar
End-Cap

19. RO Membranes & Arrangement
Arrangement: 2 Stage Arrangement
2nd Stage
1st Stage

20. RO Membranes & Arrangement
Arrangement: 2 Pass Arrangement
1st Pass
2nd Pass
1st Stage
2nd Stage

21. Agenda RO System Overview Basics Osmosis / Reverse Osmosis
RO Membranes & Arrangement
Water Contaminants

22. Water Contaminants Water Contaminants Suspended Dissolved
Larger than 0.01 micron
> 1 micron will settle
< 1 micron is colloidal
Non – uniform distribution in the water body
Dissolved
Smaller than 0.01 micron
Uniform distribution in water body
Too small to be seen with naked eye
Don’t settle out
Pre Treatment
Focus RO

23. Water Contaminants

24. Water Contaminants Dissolved Contaminants Charged Contaminants (Ions)
Uncharged Contaminants (e.g. Water, Organics, Gases)

25. Water Contaminants Ions Charged Atoms or Molecules
One Charge (1+ or 1-)
Two Charges (2+ or 2-)
Three Charges (3+ or 3-)
More Charges not common
Positive Charged Ions = Cations
Negative Charged Ions = Anions

26. Water Contaminants Common Cations Hydrogen (H+) Sodium (Na+)
Calcium (Ca2+)
Magnesium (Mg2+)
Strontium (Sr2+)

27. Water Contaminants Common Anions Hydroxide (OH-) Chloride (Cl-)
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Bisilicate (HSiO3-)
Carbonate (CO32-)
Sulfate (SO42-)

28. Water Contaminants RO Membrane Rejection
Charged Contaminants are rejected based on Charge
Uncharged Contaminants are rejected based on Molecular Weight

29. Dissolved Contaminants Suspended Contaminants
Water Contaminants
RO Membrane Rejection
Dissolved Contaminants
Suspended Contaminants
Charged
Uncharged
Living
Non - Living
1+ / 1- = 99.0%
0-20 mol = 0%
Should not be present.
2+ / 2- = 99.5%
20-50 mol = 0-40%
3+ / 3- = 99.8%
mol = 40-90%
mol = 90-99%
> 200 mol = 99%
Gases = 0% rejection

30. Water Contaminants mol Water H2O Hydrogen (H+) = 1 mol
Oxygen (O2-) = 16 mol
Total = 2 x 1 mol + 16 mol = 18 mol
(H2O)
18 mol < 20 mol hence no rejection of H2O

31. Agenda RO System Overview Basics Osmosis / Reverse Osmosis
RO Membranes & Arrangement
Water Contaminants

32. System Overview Treatment, e.g. Media Filter Feed Water Pump
Chemical Dosing
Cartridge Filter
High Pressure Pump
Reverse Osmosis Skid
Permeate Tank
Chemical Dosing
Brine Stream

33. Questions