1. Parts of the Plant and Their Functions
By: Ita Rodríguez 3rd Grade

2. Importance of plants
Without plants life on earth would not exist

3. Plants Primary source of food for people and animals Produce oxygen
Help keep us cool
Renew (filter) the air

4. Plants Slow wind speed Provide a home for wildlife
Beautify surroundings
Perfume the air
Provide building materials and fuel

5. Plants
Need nutrients
Soil
Water
Sunlight

6. Plant Photosynethesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make food (sugar or glucose)
Sunlight provides energy
The air provides carbon dioxide
Nutrients and water are absorbed by the roots
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast in the leaves
Sugars are made as food for the plant and oxygen is released
Carbon dioxide enters the leaves through stomata (tiny holes) in the leaves. Oxygen leaves the same way.

7. Soil Nutrients Nitrogen – growth, photosynthesis
Phosphorus – photosynthesis, flowering
Potassium – build proteins, prevent disease
Calcium – strong cells
Magnesium – photosynthesis
Sulfur - build proteins and produce food

8. Parts of a Plant
Four basic parts
leaves
stems
roots
flowers

9. Leaves Definition: flattened outgrowth of stem
Used for: photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration
Produces food used by the plant and also store it for later use

10. Shape and Size of Leaves
Vary among plants
Used for identification of plants

11. Leaves: Their Basic Parts
Leaf Base
Petiole
Lamina (blade)
Midrib
Veins
Margins (edges)

12. EXTERNAL ANATOMY

13. Leaf Base Part attached to the stem or branch
Protects a bud in its axil

14. Petiole
Part of leaf that connects the lamina with the stem (leaf stalk)
Some time a leaf may not have a petiole, such leaves are called – Sessile

15. Lamina (blade) The flat, expended, and broad part of leaf
Most important part of the leaf (food manufacturer)
Has veins
Forms structural framework of
the leaf

16. Midrib
Large center vein from which all other leaf veins extend

17. Veins
Systems of tubes (xylem and phloem) for the transport of nutrients and water
Xylem: ducts that bring water and minerals from the roots into the leaf
Phloem: ducts that usually move sap, with dissolved sucrose, produced by photosynthesis in the leaf, out of the leaf

18. Venation Types
Netted or Reticulate Venation

19. Margins
Edges of leaves
Assists in plant identification

20. Leaf Arrangement Alternate Opposite Whorled
arranged in a circle around the stem

21. Leaf Types
Simple leaf: undivided blade with a single axillary bud at the base of its petiole

22. Leaf Types Compound leaf: blade divided into leaflets
has a single bud at the base of its petiole
pinnate palmate

23. Leaf Types
Peltate leaves: petioles that are attached to the middle of the blade
Perfoliate leaves: sessile leaves that surround and are pierced by stems

24. Specialized or Modified Leaves
Cotyledons
Tendrils
Shade leaves
Drought-resistant leaves
Prickles and thorn
Storage leaves
Reproductive leaves
Insect-trapping leaves
Bracts
Window leaves
Flower pot leaves

25. Cotyledons or “Seed Leaves”
First leaves produced by a germinating seed
Often contains a store of food to help the seedling become established

26. Tendrils Leaflets are reduced in size
Garden Pea
Leaflets are reduced in size
Allows plant to cling to other objects

27. Leaves: Needles and Spines
Drought Resistant leaves

28. Leaves: Colorful Bracts
Petal-like leaves

29. Internal Leaf Structure
Epidermis
skin of the leaf
single layer of cells
protects leaf from loss of too much moisture

30. Internal Leaf Structure

31. Stomata Small hole Opened and closed by 2 guard cells
Allows the plant to breathe and transpire
gives off moisture
open
closed

32. Stomata Function: gas exchange in the leaf
oxygen
Guard cell
When a plant is photosynthesising
Carbon dioxide

33. Leaf Cell (Palisade)

34. Chloroplasts
Contains chlorophyll
Located inside the food making cells

35. Photosynthesis
Process by which CO2 and H2O in the presence of sunlight are converted to sugar and oxygen
This makes the plants' food

36. Respiration Plants respire 24 hours a day
They consume O2 and nutrients and give off CO2 and water

37. Stems Have two main functions
movement of water and minerals from the roots upward
movement of manufactured food down

38. Stem Functions
Support of leaves and reproductive structures

39. Stem Functions
Used for food storage and reproduction of plants involving cuttings
Green stems manufacture food just as leaves do

40. External Stem Structure
Lenticels: breathing pores
Bud scale scars: indicate where terminal bud has been located previous year

41. Leaf Scars Show where leaf was attached
Distance between the two represents one year of growth

42. Internal Stem Structure
Phloem- bark, carries manufactured foods down
Xylem- wood, carries water and minerals up
Cambium- separates the 2 and produces all new cells

43. Roots Underground or above ground Functions:
anchor plant and hold upright
absorb water and minerals form soil and conduct to stem
store food

44. External Root Cap Root Hair produces new cells
protects roots as they push through soil
Root Hair
increases surface area of roots
facilitate the absorption of water and nutrients

45. Root Structure Internal similar to stems
older roots have xylem, phloem and cambian

46. Type of Root Systems Fibrous Roots: easier transplanting
shorter, smaller, more compact
Examples of plants
with this root
system are
Banana
Coconut
Rice
Corn
Sugar Cane
All grasses

47. Type of Root Systems Tap Roots:
large central roots with shorter, branching roots
Examples of plants
with this root
system are
Mango
Avocado
Carrots
Tomatoes
Peppers

48. Type of Root Systems Aerial Roots:
hang down in mid-air and absorb water from rainfall
Examples of plants
with this root
system are
Some mangroves
Wild Pine
Orchids

49. Specialized Root Systems
Stilt Roots:
grow down from lateral branches, branching in the soil

50. Specialized Root Systems
Adventitious Roots:
Grow from unusual places on plants such as stems, leaves and even fruits

51. Flowers
Definition: the seed-bearing part of a plant, consisting of reproductive organs (stamens and carpels) that are typically surrounded by a brightly colored corolla (petals) and a green calyx (sepals)
Vary in size, shape, and colors
Flowering plants are called angiosperms

52. Flower Structure Petals Stamen and pistil: reproductive organs
Anther and ovary
Calyx (sepal): green leaf-like part that covers and protects bud before opening

53. Petals Are actually leaves
Usually bright colors to attract pollinating insects

54. Stamen Stamens male part of flower has two parts filament anther

55. Pistil Stamens female part of flower has three parts stigma style
ovary

56. Anther
Anther: sac-like structure on top of filament, contains pollen

57. Ovary
Egg cells develop here
Grows to become fruit or seedcoat

58. Animals: A Simbiotic Relationship
Pollination: color of flower attracts insects to fertilize flower
beginning of fruit and seed formation
Fruits and seed are attractive to birds who eat and spread seeds
reproduces plant
some seeds carried on animals coats

59. Types of Flowers Complete contains 4 main parts
Incomplete does not have all 4 main parts

60. Flower Classification
Monoecious
stamens and pistils are found in separate flowers on the same plant
ex: Corn

61. Flower Classification
Dioecious
stamens and pistils are found in separate flowers on separate plant
ex: Holly

62. Gymnosperms Group of non-flowering, seed-producing plants:
conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales
comes from the Greek word gymnospermos, meaning "naked seeds"
seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, often modified to form cones, or at the end of short stalks

63. Pteridophyta Primitive plant Do not produce flowers or seeds
Reproduce by spores
Have xylem and phloem (making them vascular plants)
Have stems, leaves, and roots

64. Seeds A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed
in a protective outer covering called
the seed coat, usually with some
stored food

65. External Seed Structure
Seed Coat

66. Seed Coat Texture
Cactus seed under a powerful microscope

67. Internal Seed Structure

68. Different Types of Seeds

69. GERMINATION Steps: Seed coat breaks Radicle becomes root
Hypocotyl and epicotyl become the stem
First leaves grow and photosynthesis begins
First leaves
Watch the following video

70. Life Cycle

71. THE END