1. Science SOL 5.5 Living Systems
Mrs. Scott

2. Cells An organism is a living thing made up of cells.
A cell is made of atoms and is the smallest unit of an organism that is capable of life. Cells are too small to be seen with the eye alone.
Many parts of a cell can be seen using a microscope.
Cells do different jobs and form tissues in your body.

3. Life Processes
Cells carry out life processes. New cells come from existing cells. A life process is a function that living things must perform in order to stay alive.
There are 6 life processes:
Getting energy and nutrients (nutrients are substances needed for growth and survival)
Using energy
Reproduction (to make more of the same kind)
Growing
Some cells reproduce by dividing (skin, bone, blood)
Some cells only grow larger (muscle)
Getting rid of wastes
Reacting to outside changes

4. Cell Parts & Functions
Cell wall: the thick covering of a plant cell made of nonliving fibers. It makes up a kind of skeleton for the plant and allows water and gases to pass through tiny gaps (only found in plant cells.)
Cell membrane: a thin, living cell covering that lets water, food, and gases in and out of the cell.
Nucleus: the cell part that controls the activities of the other cell parts. The “brain” of the cell.
Vacuole: storage sacs in the cell. Most of the space in a plant cell is filled with these tiny sacs of water.
Cytoplasm: the jelly-like fluid between the cell membrane and the nucleus. All the other cell parts are located in the cytoplasm.
Chloroplasts: tiny cell parts that contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a green- colored material that gives plants their color and is used in the process of photosynthesis to make food for the plant. (Only found in plant cells.)

5. Animal and Plant Cell Parts
The table below shows the cell parts of an animal & plant cell. You can see the parts that both have in common and the 2 more that a plant cell have.
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Cell Membrane 
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Vacuole
Cell Wall
Chloroplast

6. Plant Cells
Plant cells contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell wall, vacuoles, chloroplasts, & cell membrane.
Plant cells tend to be rectangular in shape.

7. Animal Cells
Animal cells contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and vacuoles.
Animal cells tend to be spherical or at times irregular in shape.

8. Classification
Classify: to put objects into groups by a system.

9. Animal Classification
Animals are classified into 2 groups: Invertebrates & Vertebrates
Invertebrate- animal without a backbone
Examples of invertebrates: octopus, worms, crabs, oysters, starfish, jellyfish
Vertebrate- an animal with a backbone
Examples of vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. (Snakes are vertebrates!!! They have backbones!)

10. Plant Classification
Plants can be categorized as vascular & nonvascular.
Most plants are vascular.
Vascular plants- have special tissues to transport food and water.
Examples: trees and flowering plants
Nonvascular plants- do not have tissues to transport food and water.
Examples: moss, liverworts, and hornworts

11. Plant Classification
Vascular Plants
Nonvascular Plants

12. Plant Classification