1. How to Get Started with the paper…
Tucker

2. Start with a thesis…
In your thesis, make sure you address the topic: since you are comparing and contrasting 2 works, your thesis needs to mention similarities and differences.
Example: There are many similarities and differences between the creators and creations in Frankenstein and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
***Just an organization reminder, make sure your body paragraphs go in the same order as your thesis statement.

3. Hooks!
Question:
What does it mean to sacrifice for your dreams? Should individuals push aside and ignore their family, morals, religion and laws in order to achieve their dream? This is a question posed in both Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, and in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, by Robert Louis Stevenson.
Quote.
Albert Einstein once said, “To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle, requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science.” But what happens when science tries to surpass God?

4. Hooks!
Anecdote.
Marie Curie, arguably the most famous female scientist in history because of her discovery of radium and polonium and her two Nobel prizes, is a perfect example of someone who died in order to advance science. Known for carrying test tubes of radium in her lab coat, Marie Curie died on July 4, 1934 of aplastic anemia, which is caused by prolonged exposure to radiation. Like Marie Curie, several literary characters are also willing to sacrifice everything in the name of science. Two of those figures are Victor Frankenstein, from Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, and Dr. Henry Jekyll, from Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.

5. Conclusion TIP!
If you start your paper with an interesting hook, revisit that hook in your conclusion.

6. The Lead-in… Integration of Quoted Material
Always use correct lead-ins for direct quotes
Never drop a quotation into a sentence or a paragraph without proper lead-in.

7. Styles of Lead-ins Somebody says lead in Punctuate as dialogue
Quote must be a complete sentence
Use a comma
Vary synonyms for “says”

8. Somebody Says
Jane Agee comments, “Many students who would not have attempted college seven years ago are now coming into state universities through junior colleges” (10).

9. Types of Lead-ins continued
Sentence:
Make sure both are complete, correct sentences
Begin quote with a capital letter
Use a colon to separate

10. Sentence:
Agee insists that English instruction on the college level will not improve until educators become realistic: “Public school teachers need to sit down and evaluate the situation” (12).

11. Types of Lead-ins continued
Blended
Make the quotation a grammatical part of your sentence
Do not use a comma or capital letter unless it would be called for by the structure of the sentence
Do not use ellipses at the beginning or end

12. Blended
State universities are now providing “special remedial programs” in which students who do not meet the “entrance requirements are admitted on probation” (Agee 13).

13. Note: Do not use the author’s name as a possessive and then make reference with a personal pronoun.
Do this:
In The Grapes of Wrath Steinbeck comments, “There grew up governments in the world, with leaders, with elders” (269).
Never do this:
In Steinbeck’s novel, he says, “There grew up governments in the world, with leaders, with
elders” (269).

14. Block Quotations:
Sometimes the author says it better than you can. If you have a quote that is more that 4 lines after it is typed, you need to create a block quote. Block quotes:
Every line is indented
They DO NOT have quotation marks around them
The period comes before the parenthetical citation, not after.

15. Block Quotations: Example:
Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration:
They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)

16. For your paper…
Each kind of lead in needs to be evident AT LEAST once…
Said
Sentence
Blended
1 block quote (only if you go over 4 typed lines)

17. Parenthetic Documentation
Material taken from an outside source is referenced in parentheses in the text of the paper.
These references are called parenthetical documentation.
•Whenever paraphrasing or quoting, identify in parentheses the author and page number(s) of the source (if book).

18. Citing in parentheses…
Example 1:
This comedy has been highly acclaimed by literary critics: “Twelfth Night is the most nearly perfect festive comedy that Shakespeare wrote” (Schwartz 509).

19. More citations…
•If no author or editor is given, use the title and page number(s). If there are no pages numbers, just the author’s last name.
Example 2:
Twelfth Night has more playfulness than any other of Shakespeare’s comedies (“Analyzing Humorous Plays” 6).

20. Punctuation Reminders
• Place commas and periods inside quotation marks.
• Place semicolons and colons outside quotation marks.
• Place question marks and exclamation marks inside quotation marks when they are part of the quote; place them outside the quotation marks if they are part of your sentence.

21. The author’s name MUST be either in the lead-in or in the parenthetical documentation, but never in both.

22. Schwartz contends, “Twelfth Night is the most nearly perfect festive comedy that Shakespeare wrote” (509). or
One critic contends that “Twelfth Night is the most nearly perfect festive comedy that Shakespeare wrote” (Schwartz 509).

23. Guidelines
1. Use parenthetical documentation to lead the reader to the exact page cited.
2. Match exactly the documented sources in the research paper to the sources listed on the Works Cited page.
3. Place the parenthetical documentation as close as possible to the information it documents, usually at the end of a sentence.

24. 4. Place parenthetical documentation before the comma or period.
5. Use transitional expressions to link several paraphrased sentences from the same source so the flow of the paragraph is not interrupted by excessive parenthetical documentation.
6. Place the parenthetical documentation between the closing quotation marks and the end punctuation if a direct quotation occurs at the end of a sentence.

25. Example:
G. K. Hunter regards “the song as an extended comment on the central ideas of the play” (100).
Note: For three-digit page numbers in parenthetical documentation, give only the last two digits of the second number unless more are necessary, for example or

26. Reminders…
Quotes from ALL THREE TEXTS (Iliad, Gilgamesh and your parallel reading)
Translated Author’s last name for Iliad and Gilgamesh
Page numbers for Gilgamesh and parallel reading
ONLY text you do line numbers for is The Iliad

27. MLA Reminders Times New Roman font 12 point font Double spaced
1 inch margins
Page number in top right (header)
Last name followed by page number
Heading (first 4 lines of paper…NOT IN THE HEADER):
Name
Teacher
Class
Date

28. Novels vs. Articles
The novels, play and novella we read this semester all need to be Italicized every time they are mentioned in your paper.
Seniors: Be careful, Frankenstein and Othello are both titles and names of characters, so only italicize them when they are used as titles.
All articles, short stories and poems go in “QUOTATION MARKS.”

29. Works Cited Page
Each text you pull quotes from or paraphrase from need to be included on your work’s cited page (see example). The works cited page needs to include the following:
Title (Works Cited) on the first line, centered and in times new roman 12 point font only (do not bold, increase font or underline the title).
Citations need to have a hanging indent (first line stands out from the rest of the citation)
Citations need to be in ABC order based on the first letter of the last name.
Entire page is times new roman, 12 point font, double spaced with a page number in the top right corner of the page
Page is completely separate from the rest of your paper and DOES NOT count as one of your 3-5 pages.

30. Frankenstein Citation
Formula for Books: Last name, First name. Title. City published: publishing company, date published. print or Web. Example: Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York: Signet Classics, Print. Formula for articles: Last name, First name. “Title.” The Pennsylvania Electronic Edition. Date article written. . Date article was looked up by you.