1. Oceanography Merit Badge

2. Mr. Greg Adams
(484) (cell)

3. Requirements to earn Oceanography Merit Badge
Participate in class discussion and fill out attached work book (turn in completed workbook at end of class on April 22nd).
Write a typed 500 word essay (page and a half in Times New Roman font) on Oceanography topic of your choice and submit electronically by April 16th.
• Develop a series of models of a volcanic island
(Req. 7B).

4. (1.) Name Four Branches of Oceanography
Geological Oceanography
… focuses on the topographic features and physical makeup of the ocean floor

5. Name Four Branches of Oceanography
Physical Oceanography
… deals with the motions of seawater, such as waves, tides, and currents

6. Name Four Branches of Oceanography
Chemical Oceanography
…concerns the distribution of chemical compounds and chemical reaction in the ocean and on the sea floor.

7. Name Four Branches of Oceanography
Meteorological Oceanography
Study of the ocean’s interaction with the atmosphere and its effect on weather and climate.

8. Name Four Branches of Oceanography
Biological
Concentrates on plant and animal life In the oceans.

9. Five reasons why it is important to learn about the Oceans
Essential part of the earth’s ecological system – covers 71% of the earth’s surface
Influences and controls planet’s climate
Maintains Earth’s Oxygen balance
Huge source of food
Source of valuable minerals
Important for trade and commerce
Possible future source of energy

10. (2.) Salinity
The amount of dissolved salts in seawater. Average salinity for the oceans = 35 ppt (parts per trillion)
Determined by measuring the conductivity of the water through a submerged electrode

11. (2.) Temperature Temperature is how hot or how cold water is.
Measured using mercury thermometers. For sampling at depth thermometers are attached to Nansen bottles

12. (2.) Density
A measure of the amount of material held in a certain space (mass per volume)
Cold, deep, more saline water is denser. Dense water sinks, while less dense water rises – this contributes to ocean currents.
Oceanographers calculate density from temperature, salinity, and pressure

17. Effects of the Oceans on Weather and Climate
The ocean and the atmosphere work together to create weather patterns and climate.
Water stores heat better than air and land, so the oceans absorb over 50% of the sun’s radiation.
As winds blows over the ocean, water evaporates and forms clouds and rain
Winds flowing across the water create currents, which in turn regulate temperatures (London is more mild than new York because of the Gulf Stream)

18. Effects of the Oceans on Weather and Climate
Climate Patterns are related to Currents

19. (3.) Characteristics of Ocean Waves

20. Storm Surge
When strong winds of a hurricane push water towards the shore, causing the water level to raise 15 feet or more.

21. Tsunami / Tidal Wave
A huge wave created by an earthquake, volcanic eruption, or landslide.

22. Tidal Bore
Waves or walls of water that race up an inlet as the tide comes in.

23. (3.) Sea
Waves in the area of the ocean directly affected by the wind – no regular pattern – “choppy”

24. Waves that fall in a regular pattern – crests are rounded.
Swell
Waves that fall in a regular pattern – crests are rounded.

25. Occurs near the shoreline when waves begin to “break.”
Surf
Occurs near the shoreline when waves begin to “break.”

26. How Breakers are Formed
As depth gets shallower, wave height gets higher, until the wave topples over.

27. How Breakers are Formed

28. (4.) Cross-Section of Underwater Topography (Draw in Workbook)

29. (5.) List the main salts, gases, and nutrients in water
Salts: NaCl – Sodium Chloride

30. Salts

31. Some Important Properties of Water
Universal solvent: dilutes nutrients for all life
It serves as a cleaning agent, a heat absorber, a sound transmitter, a shaper of shorelines, a medium for ships to sail upon and hurricanes to form.
Only water can exist as a solid, a liquid, or a gas – ice, water, or water vapor.
Water molecules, in any form, are always moving; those at the oceans surface enter the air as vapor –a process called evaporation.
Each water molecule has two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen = H²O

32. How do Animals and Plants affect the Chemical Composition of Seawater?

33. How do Animals and Plants effect Chemical Composition of Seawater

35. How do differences in evaporation and precipitation affect the salt content of oceans?

37. (6.) Some Biologically Important Properties of Seawater
Assists in digestion of food by acting as a solvent
Necessary for photosynthesis
Necessary for respiration

40. Nekton

41. Plankton

42. Plankton

43. Plankton

44. Phyto-Plankton

45. (9.) Describe methods that
marine scientists use to
investigate the ocean
Research Ships
Submarines
Remote sensing devices
(radar and sonar)
Satellites
Computers

46. 46

47. 47

48. 48

49. Homework
Write 500 word essay (page and a half in Times New Roman font) on Oceanography topic of your choice and submit electronically by April 16th.