1. Assessment of Foetal Wellbeing

2. (A) Antenatal : 1. Clinical assessment. 2. Ultrasonography.
3. Daily foetal movement count.
4. Antenatal cardiotocography.
5. Biophysical profile

3. (B) Intranatal: 1. Monitoring of the foetal heart rate.
2. Monitoring of the uterine contractions.
3. Foetal blood sampling.

5. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT Clinical examination in each antenatal visit is the primary and main assessment of foetal wellbeing. This includes detection of : - foetal heart sound, - foetal size,] - fundal level - amount of amniotic fluid.

6. ULTRASONOGRAPHY
(I) Real-time sonography: It can be used for detection of : 1-Gestational age: by measurement of gestational sac, crown rump length, biparietal diameter or femur length.. 2. Viability of the foetus: by foetal heart movement or foetal movement. 3. Foetal weight. 4. Amniotic fluid volume. 5. Foetal breathing movement. 6-Foetal activity. 7. Placenta: location , size and maturity. 8. Congenital anomalies.

7. (II) Doppler ultrasound: Principle: It depends upon the reflection of the ultrasound waves on the RBCs inside the blood vessels, so the blood velocity and flow through these vessels can be calculated. Application: 1. Detection of foetal heart rate as early as weeks. 2. Assessment of foetal cardiac function. 3-Measurement of blood flow in high risk cases as IUGR, post-term pregnancy and pregnancy induced hypertension

8. DAILY FOETAL MOVEMENT COUNT (DFMC) - The test is valid after 30 weeks of pregnancy. Fetal movement count (Not less than 10 movement per 12 hours) the decrease or cessation (no fetal movement) of fetal movements has an ominous implication and may be associated with fetal distress or death.

9. Advantages:
1- Informative and non-invasive.
2- Pregnant woman can monitor herself.
3- No cost.
4- Accurate gestational age not required.

10. Drawbacks: 1. Awareness of the foetal movement is differ from a mother to another. 2. Cessation of foetal movement may occur due to intrauterine sleep. 3. Sedation of the foetus occurs if the mother is taking sedatives. 4-Sudden death of the foetus may occur without preceding slowing of the foetal movement as in abruptio placentae or it may be preceded by increased flurry movements.

11. ANTENATAL CARDIOTOCOGRAPHY
1. (I) Non-stress Test: Indications: 1. Decrease foetal movement( <10/12 hours) or its cessation. 2. Intrauterine growth retardation especially with a major cause as pre-eclampsia. 3. Foetal danger as in antepartum haemorrhage. 4. Biochemical evidence of placental insufficiency

12. Procedure: - It is done starting from the 30 weeks of pregnancy
Procedure: - It is done starting from the 30 weeks of pregnancy. - The electronic foetal monitor is used during pregnancy to record the pattern of foetal heart rate (FHR) and its response to the foetal movements reported by the mother by pressing a button in her hand. - The test is carried out for 20 minutes. If foetal movement did not occur the test is extended for another 20 minutes during which the foetus is stimulated mechanically

13. Results: 1-Reactive test: 2 or more foetal movements are accompanied by acceleration of FHR of 15 beats/ minute for at least 15 seconds’ duration. Reactive test means that the foetus can survive for one week, so the test should be repeated weekly .2- Non -reactive test: no FHR acceleration in response to foetal movements so contraction stress test is indicated.

14. (II) Contraction Stress Test ( Oxytocin Challenge Test):
Procedure: - It is done after 32 weeks of pregnancy. - Two transducers are applied to the mother’s abdomen; one to record the FHR pattern and the other to record the uterine activity. - Three uterine contractions per 10 minutes are induced by: IV oxytocin drip starting with 0.5mU/ minute and doubled gradually

15. Results:
Positive test: consistent and persistent late deceleration of FHR, so placental
insufficiency is diagnosed and delivery by caesarean section is indicated..
Negative test: late deceleration does not occur with uterine contractions. It denotes that the foetus can survive safely for one week when it should be
repeated. .

16. Contraindications:
1- Threatened preterm labour. 2- Placenta praevia. 3- Rupture of membranes. 4- Previous classical C.S. 5- Multiple pregnancy

17. Biophysical profile (BPP) With real time ultrasound, it includes:
Fetal movement (FM)
Fetal tone (FT)
Fetal breathing movements (FB)
Fetal heart (non stress test)
Amniotic fluid volume (AFV)
Each variable take 2 when it is normal and zero when it is abnormal. The Highest Score is 10, and the Lowest Score is 0. A biophysical profile score under 8 being regarded as abnormal

18. Score 0
Score 2
Variable
Less than 30 seconds in 30 minutes of
observation
Last for 30 seconds in 30 minutes of observation.
Foetal breathing
movements
Less than 3 movements
3 or more discrete body or limb movements within
30 minutes
Foetal movements
Not observed
One or more episodes of limb extension with return
to flexion within 30 minutes.
Foetal tone
Non-reactive
Reactive.
Non-stress test{FHR}
Largest pocket measures less than 1 cm in 2
perpendicular planes
One or more amniotic fluid pockets measures 1 cm
or larger in 2 perpendicular planes
Amniotic fluid volume

19. MONITORING OF FOETAL HEART RATE
A. Intermittent auscultation:
In the low risk situation, Intermittent auscultation, is often advocated.
employing either by:
Auscultation of fetal heart rate by Pinnard fetal stethoscope.
hand-held Doppler (sonocaid).
CardioTocoGraphy (CTG

20. (B)continuous Electronic Monitoring:
Foetal electrocardiography (ECG):
1. External: by external electrodes applied to the mother’s abdomen
2-Internal: - by an internal electrode applied to the foetal scalp after rupture of the
membranes while the cervix should be one or more cm dilated.

21. CardioTocoGraphy (CTG)
Is a paper record of the continuous FHR plotted simultaneously with a record of uterine activity.
Normal /Reassuring CTG Trace
Baseline heart rate beats per minute(bpm). 
Baseline variability >5bpm.
At least 2 accelerations (>15 beats for> 15 seconds) in 20 minutes. 
No decelerations.

23. Bradycardia:
defined as a persistent FHR of less than 110 beats/min and is associated with:
No apparent cause.
Local anaesthetic drugs.
Epidural anaesthesia.
Fetal heart anomaly.
Post term fetus.
Umbilical cord compression.

25. Tachycardia:
defined as a persistent rise in FHR above 160 beats/ min and it is associated with:
Prematurity.
Maternal or fetal infection.
Maternal anxiety.
Maternal hyperthyroidism.
Drug treatment e.g. B-Adrenergic agents:
Fetal anemia.

27. Baseline variability:-
it reflect a normal fetal autonomic nervous system. it is considered abnormal when there is loss of variability which appears as a smoothing out or flattening of the FHR trace, which could be due to:
Drug suppressing fetal CNS (narcotic and anesthetic drugs).
Prolonged fetal hypoxia.
severe fetal anaemia.
preterm fetus variability is normally reduced.

29. (B) Periodic FHR changes: The pattern with uterine contractions
Decelerations:- Is gradual decrease of FHR and return to baseline associated with uterine contraction. its significance depend on its type.

30. i- Early deceleration: - Decrease in the FHR with the onset of the uterine contraction and return to the baseline with the end of the contraction. - This is usually due to compression of the foetal head with vagal stimulation

32. ii- Late deceleration: - Decrease in the FHR starts after a lag time from the onset of contraction and ends after a lag time from its end. - It denotes uteroplacental insufficiency and suggest fetal distress.

34. iii- Variable deceleration: - of different intensity, pattern, time of onset and offset. - It usually denotes cord compression or fetal hypoxia

36. MONITRORING OF UTERINE CONTRACTIONS (TOCOGRAPHY) (I) External An external transducer is applied to the mother’s abdomen close to the fundus transmitting the strength, frequency and duration of uterine contractions onto a paper strip record. (II) Internal A fluid-filled catheter is introduced into the uterus after rupturing the membranes. The intrauterine pressure is transmitted to the catheter then to a transducer giving electrical signals expressing the exact pressure in mmHg.

37. Foetal Scalp Blood Sampling
After rupturing the membrane, a special guarded needle is introduced through an amnioscope to take a drop of scalp blood for detection of its pH. - pH of 7.25 or more is normal, - pH of 7.20 or less denotes acidosis,