1. Reminder! The flow of genetic material
DNA Gene Protein Cell Tissue/Organ Organism/Traits

2. Reminder RNA STRUCTURE
No Thymine, Uracil instead

3. Reminder! There are just 20 types of amino acids They build proteins
like letters in the alphabet
When they bond they make a protein
thousands of different kinds of proteins.
Pink Boxes show the R groups

4. AMINO ACIDS have CODES (codons) In your packet

5. Step 1 of Protein Synthesis Look at the picture, then answer the questions
1. Transciption
Occurs in the _________ of a cell. Think!
_____ unwinds
DNA is a template for _____
mRNA is in units of 3 nucleotides, called a _________.

6. Step 2 of Protein Synthesis Look at the picture, then answer the questions
2. Translation occurs on a ribosome
Happens in _________ of a cell.
tRNA is used to bring two molecules
An ___________ & an _______ ______

7. Step 1 Transcription Practice placing mRNA & Amino acids animation

8. 1st STEP TRANSCRIPTION DNA UNWINDS USING RNA Polymerase (enzyme)
__________ BRINGS NITROGEN BASES THAT ARE COMPLEMENTARY TO DNA
IT BRINGS SETS OF 3 Nitrogen Bases WHICH ARE CALLED _______
WHEN the LENGTH OF mRNA is COMPLETE a STOP CODON (signals UAA, UGA or UAG) to release from the DNA

9. Removal of non-coding (Introns) segments
Before the newly made mRNA strand can exit the nucleus, the non-coding segments have to be remove & protective ends are added on.
They are called Introns
All that remains are coding segments called Exons.
To protect the newly made mRNA a Guanine cap is added to the 5’ end and on the 3’ end is a poly A tail of adenine nucleotides.
Let’s watch this animation to see mRNA processing

10. Label in your packet, 1-4, 11 & 12

11. Step 2 Translation New Player tRNA In your packet
Carries Amino Acid at the Head
Anticodon is at the base to match to the mRNA codon

12. THE 2nd STEP IN MAKING A PROTEIN TRANSLATION
1. The completed mRNA will go to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
2. The codons of mRNA will be interpreted by tRNA
3. tRNA will bring an amino acid (LEU/MET etc.)
& an anticodon (ACC) that complements to the mRNA (UGG)codon to build a polypeptide (protein)
ANTICODON A C C A A A C C G A G U

13. Step 2 TRANSLATION There are 3 STOP CODONS, they are UAA, UGA, UAG
4. When the tRNA is signaled by them it will stop bringing amino acids
5. When the Protein is complete it can fold up or join with another protein.
6. it will go outside the cell to where it is needed in the body through the blood stream
Animation Protein Synthesis Let’s see how you did on the HW challenge!

14. Let’s label! only

15. How did you do on your labeling?

16. One Gene-One Enzyme?

17. What did they discover?
They were able to prove the connection between genes and enzymes.
They called this the “One gene one enzyme hypothesis.”
It has been changed since we now know more –Polypeptides are what make an enzyme. So…
One gene one polypeptide.

18. Protein Shapes vary based on function
KERATIN
HEMOGLOBIN

19. Albinism