1. The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)
Chapter 15
The Renaissance and
Reformation
(1300–1650)

2. 15.1 – The Italian Renaissance

4. Renaissance means “rebirth”
It was a philosophical and artistic movement with advances in arts and sciences

5. What Was the Renaissance?
The Renaissance was a time of creativity and change in many areas–political, social, economic, and cultural. Perhaps most important, however, were the changes that took place in the way people viewed themselves and their world.
Renaissance thinkers explored the human experience in the here and now. They emphasized individual achievement.
The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields.

6. Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy?
The Renaissance was marked by a new interest in the culture of ancient Rome. Italy had been the center of the Roman empire.
The cities of Italy had survived the Middle Ages and grown into prosperous centers of trade and manufacturing.
A wealthy merchant class in the Italian city-states stressed education and individual achievement and spent lavishly on the arts.
Florence produced an amazing number of gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars, and scientists.

7. Humanism
At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism.
Humanism emphasized education
Basic belief: Although God created the universe, is was humans that developed and industrialized it.
Humanism is based on the study of classical culture (Roman and Greek) and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues.
Humanists studied the humanities – grammar, history, poetry, and rhetoric - the subjects taught in ancient Greece and Rome. They believed that education should stimulate creativity.

8. Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
PAINTERS
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Developed realistic style
Learned rules of perspective
Used shading to make objects look round and real
Studied human anatomy
Used live models
ARCHITECTS
Rejected Gothic style
Adopted columns, domes, and arches that had been favored by the Greeks and Romans

9. Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael
(…and Donatello)

10. Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art
LEONARDO
MICHELANGELO
RAPHAEL
Made sketches of nature and of models
Dissected corpses to learn how the human body worked
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
Talented sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Designed the dome for St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome
Studied the works of Michelangelo and Leonardo
Paintings blended Christian and classical styles
Best known for paintings of the Madonna, the biblical mother of Jesus

11. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
Self Portrait

12. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
Fascination with nature

13. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
The Human Form
“Vitruvian Man”

14. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
The Human Function

15. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
Flying Machines

16. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
Last Supper

17. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
Mona Lisa

18. Michelangelo ( )
Portrait
David

19. Michelangelo ( )
St. Peter’s Basilica

20. Michelangelo ( )
Sistine Chapel

21. Michelangelo ( )

22. Michelangelo – The Pieta

23. 15.2 – The Northern Renaissance
Renaissance Man video

24. Artists of the Northern Renaissance
The Northern Renaissance began in Flanders (Belgium) and later spread to Spain, France, Germany, and England.
Albrecht Durer (“German Leonardo”) traveled to Italy to study. Through his art and essays, he helped spread the Renaissance to Germany.
Jan and Hubert van Eyck painted townspeople in rich, realistic detail. They also developed oil paint.
Pieter Bruegel used vibrant colors to portray peasant life.

25. Northern Humanists
Northern humanists also stressed education and classical learning.
At the same time, they believed that this learning should be used to bring about religious and moral reforms.

26. The Printing Revolution
A printing revolution took place when:
In 1456, Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible using the first printing press and
printing inks.
Movable type was
developed twenty years
later.

27. With books more readily available, more people learned to read.
IMPACT:
Printed books (especially the BIBLE) were cheaper and easier to produce.
With books more readily available, more people learned to read.
Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas.

28. William Shakespeare
English poet who was the towering figure of Renaissance literature
Wrote 37 plays that are still performed around the world
His love of words vastly enriched the English language.
Words “invented” by Shakespeare:
Addiction, arch-villain, assassination, bedazzled, belongings, cold-blooded, dishearten, eventful, eyeball, fashionable, inaudible, manager, new-fangled, scuffle, swagger, uncomfortable

29. Section 3:
The Protestant
Reformation

30. Causes of Reformation:
Northern humanists said the Catholic Church had lost sight of its spiritual mission – more interested in income than saving souls
Claimed that popes acted as political leaders and warriors rather than moral leaders
Sought a new emphasis on personal faith and spirituality
Catholic Church ignored them
Humanists urged believers to withdraw from the church

31. Reformation began in “Germany” – made up of about 300 independent states
Weak rulers could not control new ideas about religion
Popes were selling indulgences – pardons from punishment for sin
Sold them just to raise money – outraged northern humanists

32. Martin Luther Monk who criticized selling of indulgences
Taught that inner faith in God was only way to save your soul – not ceremonies and good deeds - called “justification by grace through faith”
1517 – posted 95 statements (“95 theses”) about indulgences on a church door – openly disagreed with many Catholic ideas

34. Martin Luther
Used printing press to spread ideas - translated Bible into German
1521 – expelled from Catholic
Church by Pope Leo X
People who protested Holy
Roman Emperor Charles V’s
treatment of Luther’s ideas
became known as Protestants
Established Lutheran Church

35. Spread of Protestantism
Many German rulers established Lutheran church within their states
During 1520s and 1530s, hundreds of new religious groups appeared in Germany and Switzerland
Called sects – most later died out

36. Protestantism in England
In England – King Henry VIII caused break with Catholic Church
Henry wanted to divorce his wife and the Catholic Church did not allow divorces
Thus he withdrew and created Church of England, with the king at its head
Also known as Anglican Church
Kept most of the organization and ceremonies of the Catholic Church

37. Calvinism
In Switzerland, a French Protestant named John Calvin founded a Protestant church with a large following
Wrote a formal set of religious beliefs for followers to use – this strengthened them
Relied on faith and the Bible, and predestination
Laws in Geneva included no card playing, dancing, profanity, or showy dress – breaking laws resulted in severe punishment

38. In France many people converted to Calvinism –Calvinists in France were called Huguenots
Large Calvinist populations were found in Scotland, Netherlands, Germany, and some in Poland and Hungary
Would turn into a form called Puritanism in England and North America later on

39. Section 4:
The Catholic
Reformation

40. Counter-Reformation began in 1530s when Catholic Church realized Protestantism posed a threat
Pope Paul III brought the Inquisition to Rome – used trial and punishment to keep Catholics in the church
Pope Paul IV established Index of Forbidden Books
Council of Trent met to define official church doctrine
Emphasized need for ceremonies – comforting, and believed they led to salvation

41. Jesuits
Jesuits became a new order – vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience
Became most effective agents in spreading Catholicism through mission work and education
Slowed spread of Protestantism and produced educated, dedicated supporters
Established Catholic schools and universities

42. Results of Reformation and Counter-Reformation:
Appearance of many different churches in Europe
Strong interest in education – studying the Bible
Increase in power of national governments
Decrease in power of pope