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Motivation and Emotion
PSYCH 40S Source: Rathus, S. A. (2010). Psychology: Principles in Practice. Holt McDougal.

Motivation Motivation: is a need or desire that energizes(or moves) behavior and directs it towards a goal. Aron Ralston was motivated to cut his arm in order to free himself from a rock that pinned him down. AP Photo/ Rocky Mountain News, Judy Walgren Aron Ralston

What motivates YOU?

What does this tell you about Motivation?
Video: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us What does this tell you about Motivation?

Needs and Drives… Aren’t needs and drives the same thing?
No, because the strengths of needs and drives can differ. You eat a big meal. You are stuffed. 10 minutes later a friend comes over with your favourite dessert, chocolate cake…you eat 2 pieces! Explain.

Needs VS Drives A need is a condition in which we require something we lack. There are two types of needs: Biological needs – e.g., sleep from physical deprivation Psychological needs – e.g., a sense of belonging Biological needs and psychological needs give rise to drives. Drives are the forces that motivate an organism to take action.

Drives Many motivated activities begin with a need. Needs cause a drive. Drives activate a response designed to attain a goal. The longer we are deprived of something such as food or water, the stronger our drive becomes. For example, our hunger drive is stronger 6 hours after eating than it is 20 minutes after eating

Drive-Reduction Theory
People and animals experience a drive arising from a need as an unpleasant tension. They learn to do whatever will reduce that tension by reducing the drive, such as eating to reduce their hunger drive. Basic drives motivate us to restore an internal state of balance. This state of balance (equilibrium) in the body is called homeostasis.

All you need is love! …or is it?

A Hierarchy of Motives Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition. ( )

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-transcendence needs Need to find meaning and identity beyond the self According to Maslow, once our lower-level needs are met, we are prompted to satisfy our higher-level needs.

Hierarchy of Needs Activity Handout
Reflect on your activities over the past few months Enter two significant behaviours that you think demonstrate the operation of a need at each level of Maslow’s hierarchy.

Physiological needs The physical requirements for human survival. The most important, and should be met first. If these requirements are not met, the human body cannot function properly and will ultimately fail. Eg. ) Air, water, food… etc.

Safety needs Once physical needs are relatively satisfied, safe needs take precedence and dominate behaviour. the individual's safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. Eg. ) Personal security, financial security, health… etc.

Love and Belongingness
The third level of human needs is interpersonal and involves feelings of belongingness. Deficiencies within this level can impact the individual's ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in general, such as: Eg. ) Friendship, intimacy, family… etc.

Esteem needs All humans have a need to feel respected; this includes the need to have self-esteem and self-respect. Esteem presents the typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People often engage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition. Most people have a need for stable self-respect and self-esteem. Eg. ) Achievement, respect from others… etc.

Self-Actualization "What a man can be, he must be.“
This level of need refers to the need to become what one believes he or she is capable of being. Many people seek self-actualization through work, hobbies, and aesthetic experiences such as music, art, and poetry. Eg. ) a strong desire to become an ideal parent… etc.

All you need is love! …or is it?

Hierarchy of Needs Activity Handout
Reflect on your activities over the past few months Enter two significant behaviours that you think demonstrate the operation of a need at each level of Maslow’s hierarchy.

For the rest of the class…
Complete the “Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Examples of Recent Behaviour” chart, Complete the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs exercise worksheet (this needs to be handed in)! Fill out an Exit slip, AND

PSYCH 40S – Class 2 Source: Rathus, S. A. (2010). Psychology: Principles in Practice. Holt McDougal.

Needs and Drives It is our needs that create a state of arousal called drive. According to Clark Hull, human beings work to reduce the state of tension. it fails to explain complex human behaviors. For example, activities like skydiving and scuba diving actually increase the state of tension rather than helping in reducing the drive.

Our emotional state is closely related to our motivation. Emotion influences motivation and motivation influences emotion. The word emotion comes from the Latin word meaning “to move.” First, the body is physically aroused during emotion. Such bodily stirrings are what cause us to say we were “moved” by a play, a funeral, or an act of kindness. Second, we are often motivated, or moved to take action, by emotions such as fear, anger or joy.

Our emotional state is closely related to our motivation. Emotion influences motivation and motivation influences emotion. The word emotion comes from the Latin word meaning “to move.” First, the body is physically aroused during emotion. Such bodily stirrings are what cause us to say we were “moved” by a play, a funeral, or an act of kindness. Second, we are often motivated, or moved to take action, by emotions such as fear, anger or joy. Source: Psychology A Journey (Nelson)

Extrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation occurs when we are motivated to perform a behavior or engage in an activity in order to earn a reward or avoid a punishment. Some examples of behaviors that are the result of extrinsic motivation include: studying because you want to get a good grade, or cleaning your room to avoid being reprimanded by your parents. In each of these examples, the behavior is motivated by a desire to gain a reward or avoid a negative outcome.

Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic Motivation involves engaging in a behavior because it is personally rewarding; essentially, performing an activity for its own sake rather than the desire for some external reward. Examples of behaviors that are the result of intrinsic motivation include: Participating in a sport because you find the activity enjoyable, solving a word puzzle because you find the challenge fun and interesting, and playing a game because you find it exciting

Extrinsic VS Intrinsic Motivation
Which is better? Surprisingly both work together. Sometimes external rewards can help us achieve a goal. External rewards can induce interest and participation in something the individual had no initial interest in. Extrinsic rewards can be used to motivate people to acquire new skills or knowledge. Once these initial skills have been acquired, people may then become more intrinsically motivated to pursue the activity. However, a number of studies have demonstrated that offering excessive external rewards for an already internally rewarding behavior can actually lead to a reduction in intrinsic motivation. In one study, for example, children who were rewarded for playing with a toy they had already expressed interest in playing with became less interested in the item after being externally rewarded. Therefore, extrinsic motivators should be avoided in situations where offering a reward might make a "play" activity seem more like "work." Extrinsic motivation arises from outside of the individual while intrinsic motivation arises from within.

Extrinsic VS Intrinsic Motivation
Reflect on your list of motives from last class. if your list contains less than 10 motivating factors, brainstorm now!), and put an E beside the Extrinsic motivators, and an I beside the Intrinsic motivators.

Emotion Emotions are a mixture of: physical arousal
expressive behaviors conscious experience Emotions are linked to many basic adaptive behaviours, such as attacking, fleeing, seeking comfort, helping others, reproducing etc. Such behaviours help us survive and adjust to changing conditions. Of course, emotions can have negative effects. Stage fright or choking up in sports can spoil performances. Hate, anger, contempt, disgust and fear disrupt behaviour and relationships. Emotions are states of feeling. They are our body’s adaptive response.

List all of the emotions you have experienced today

Emotions Acceptance Affection Aggression Anticipation Apathy Anxiety Anger Boredom Confusion Curiosity Disgust Depression Doubt Ecstasy Empathy Envy Embarrassment Euphoria Fear Forgiveness Frustration Gratitude Grief Guilt Hatred Hope Horror Hostility Homesickness Hunger Hysteria Interest Joy Loneliness Love Paranoia Pity Pleasure Pride Rage Regret Remorse Sadness Shame Suffering Surprise Sympathy Trust List as many emotions as you can think of…

There are eight basic emotions that is related to survival…
Acceptance Affection Aggression Anticipation Apathy Anxiety Anger Boredom Confusion Curiosity Disgust Depression Doubt Ecstasy Empathy Envy Embarrassment Euphoria Fear Forgiveness Frustration Gratitude Grief Guilt Hatred Hope Horror Hostility Homesickness Hunger Hysteria Interest Joy Loneliness Love Paranoia Pity Pleasure Pride Rage Regret Remorse Sadness Shame Suffering Surprise Sympathy Trust Which ones are they and why?

Emotions Related to Survival
Anger leads to destruction of the obstacle Fear leads to protection Sadness leads to a search for help and comfort Disgust leads to rejection and pushing away Surprise leads to a turning inward Anticipation which lead to exploration and searching Trust which leads to acceptance and sharing Joy which leads to reproduction, courting and mating (Based on the work of Robert Plutchik in the 1980s)

Plutchik created a taxonomy to categorize emotions that groups primary emotional responses and defines their derivative responses as well.

Journal Reflection – Motivation
Use your knowledge of motivation and appropriate psychological terminology to answer the following questions: What motivates people? Give two example of times when you were motivated to do something…what motivated you to do it in each and why?

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Watch Evan Puschak’s Vlog

Marshmallow Test Walter Mischel (1972) presented the marshmallow dilemma to preschoolers at Stanford University. “You can have this marshmallow now if you want, but if you don’t eat it until after I run an errand, you can have two.”

Immediate VS delayed gratification
Self-control often requires that we ignore immediate rewards in favor of larger, delayed rewards. Compared to the children who failed the marshmallow test, the children who passed it demonstrated greater personal and social competence in adulthood. Consideration of the future consequences of one’s behaviour seems to be associated with better health, greater job success, and stronger interpersonal relations. Self- control may be the master virtue.

Dr. Dave Walsh - The Marshmallow Experiment

The mature marshmallow test
Adults are taking the marshmallow test on pretty much a daily basis: “Should I wait until I have saved up the cash for something I want, or should I just go ahead and put it on the credit card and worry about paying for it later?” “Should I spend time and money getting an education in order to increase my earning potential, or should I just take the job offer and start making money now?” “Should I save money and invest for the future, or should I spend my money to buy the things I want right now?”

Marshmallow Test and Emotional Intelligence
How does Emotional Intelligence have anything to do with the Marshmallow Test?

Emotional Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence is a combination of skills, such as empathy, self-control and self-awareness. Such skills can make us more flexible, adaptable, emotionally mature. People who excel in life tend to be emotionally intelligent.

Emotional Intelligent People
Self-awareness (tuned in to their own feelings) Empathy (perceive emotions in others) Manage emotions (ability to manage your own emotions and those of others) 4. Understand emotions (know what causes various emotions, what they mean and how they affect behaviour) Use emotions (use their feelings to enhance thinking and decision making) Page 397 Nelson’s Psychology A Journey

Marshmallow Test and Emotional Intelligence
How does Emotional Intelligence have anything to do with the Marshmallow Test? The marshmallow test became a critical part of the argument that emotional intelligence is important because it links the control of emotions with success.

Let’s back up a bit…

Emotion Emotions are a mixture of: physical arousal
expressive behaviors conscious experience Emotions are linked to many basic adaptive behaviours, such as attacking, fleeing, seeking comfort, helping others, reproducing etc. Such behaviours help us survive and adjust to changing conditions. Of course, emotions can have negative effects. Stage fright or choking up in sports can spoil performances. Hate, anger, contempt, disgust and fear disrupt behaviour and relationships. Emotions are states of feeling. They are our body’s adaptive response.

Controversy Does physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience? Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion (feeling)? For example: Are you happy because you laughed or are you laughing because you are happy? Are you sad because you are crying or crying because you are sad?

The Commonsense Approach
When you become happy, your heart starts beating faster. First comes conscious awareness, then comes physiological activity. When something happens to a person in a certain situation, the person quickly interprets the situation. The interpretation triggers body sensations that signal a feeling or emotion. The emotion, in turn, triggers a behavior.

Emotional Appraisal Emotional appraisal refers to evaluating the personal meaning of a stimulus. (Is it good/bad, threatening/supportive, relevant/irrelevant and so on.) For example: If another driver cuts you off on the highway, you could become very angry. But if you do, you will add 15 minutes of emotional upset to your day. By changing your appraisal, you could just as easily choose to laugh at the other driver’s childish behaviour and minimize the emotional wear and tear. Controlling your emotions is a hard thing to do!!

Emotional Appraisal Appraisal: You have been slighted or demeaned
You feel threatened. You have experienced a loss You have broken a moral rule You have not lived up to your ideals You desire something another has You are near something repulsive You fear the worst but yearn for better You are moving toward a desired goal You are linked with a valued object or accomplishment You have been treated well by another You desire affection from another person You are moved by someone’s suffering Anger, anxiety, sadness, guilt, shame, envy, disgust, hope, happiness, pride, gratitude, love compassion Source: Psychology A Journey (Nelson)

Emotional Appraisal Emotion You have been slighted or demeaned Anger
You feel threatened. Anxiety You have experienced a loss Sadness You have broken a moral rule Guilt You have not lived up to your ideals Shame You desire something another has Envy You are near something repulsive Disgust You fear the worst but yearn for better Hope You are moving toward a desired goal Happiness You are linked with a valued object or accomplishment Pride You have been treated well by another Gratitude You desire affection from another person Love You are moved by someone’s suffering Compassion Anger, anxiety, sadness, guilt, shame, envy, disgust, hope, happiness, pride, gratitude, love compassion Source: Psychology A Journey (Nelson)

The Opponent-process Theory
According to Richard Solomon, emotions come in pairs, with one emotion followed by its opposite. For example, one emotion – extreme happiness –, tends to be followed by feelings that are opposite – extreme sadness, rather than by a neutral feeling. Why? People are inclined to maintain balance in their emotional lives.

Expressed Emotion Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this nonverbal language of emotion universal? Preview Question 5: How do we communicate nonverbally?

Expressed Emotion Charles Darwin observed that angry tigers, monkeys, dogs and humans all bare their teeth in the same way. Darwin believed that emotional expressions evolved to communicate our feelings to other, which aids survival. Such messages give us valuable hints about what other people are likely to do next. Preview Question 5: How do we communicate nonverbally?

Expressed Emotion Facial expressions of fear, anger, disgust, sadness and happiness (enjoyment) are recognized around the world. Do we learn facial expressions from others or are we born with them?

Experienced Emotion Emotions present at birth: Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow
Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank

Detecting Emotion Most of us are good at deciphering emotions through nonverbal communication. In a crowd of faces a single angry face will “pop out” faster than a single happy face. Presumably, we are especially sensitive to threatening faces because they warn us of possible harm.

Paul Ekman Psychologist who has been a pioneer in the study or emotions and their relation to facial expressions.

Name The Emotions 1

Emotions Revealed Emotions Revealed

Lie Detectors Polygraph (a lie detector) records changes in heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate and “sweating.” The device only records general emotional arousal – it can’t tell the difference between lying and fear, anxiety or excitement Read page 389 Nelson’s Psychology A Journey

What is your favourite type of pizza?
What is your favourite TV show? How many pets do you have? What is your favourite color? What is your favourite holiday? Where do you want to live when you are older? What is your middle name? What does your mom or dad do for a living? How many siblings do you have? What is your favourite type of music?

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Anger In excess, can lead to heart disease BUT
Can also help people alleviate problems in a healthy manner

Causes of Anger People generally become angry with friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings, especially if they are willful, unjustified, and avoidable. People are also angered by foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and pains.

Do you agree or disagree?
Catharsis Catharsis is an emotional release Catharsis Hypothesis Releasing aggressive energy through action or fantasy relieves aggressive urges Do you agree or disagree?

What does the research say?
Expressing anger breeds more anger Hitting a punching bag leads to more cruelty Venting anger may lead to more hostility “Venting to reduce anger is like using gasoline to put out a fire.” Brad Bushman

How should you handle anger?
1. Wait 2. Deal with anger in a way that involves neither being chronically angry over every little annoyance nor passively sulking

Happiness People who are happy perceive the world as being safer. They are able to make decisions easily, are more cooperative, rate job applicants more favorably, and live healthier, energized, and more satisfied lives. Preview Question 10: What are the causes and consequences of happiness?

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon
When we feel happy we are more willing to help others.

Predictors of Happiness
Why are some people generally more happy than others?

Stress and Health PSYCH 40S – Class 5
Source: Rathus, S. A. (2010). Psychology: Principles in Practice. Holt McDougal.

Stress and Health Psychological states cause physical illness.
Stress is any circumstance (real or perceived) that threatens a person’s well-being. Preview Question 11: What is stress? Lee Stone/ Corbis When we feel severe stress, our ability to cope with it is impaired.

Stress and Health Stress can be adaptive. In a fearful or stress- causing situation, we can run away and save our lives. Stress can be maladaptive. If it is prolonged (chronic stress), it increases our risk of illness and health problems.

Stress and Stressors At times stress is the stimulus (missing an appointment) and at other times it is a response (sweating while taking a test). A stressor is a stress-producing event or situation. Traveling in an airplane may be a stressor for someone who has never flown but not for a flight attendant.

Two Types of Stress Distress (Negative Stress) – stress that stems from acute anxiety or pressure. This type of stress can take a harsh toll on the mind and body. Eustress – positive stress which motivates and challenges the person

Stress and Stressors Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works When short-lived or taken as a challenge, stressors may have positive effects. However, if stress is threatening or prolonged, it can be harmful.

Stressful Life Events Catastrophic Events: Catastrophic events like earthquakes, combat stress, and floods lead individuals to become depressed, sleepless, and anxious. Significant Life Changes: The death of a loved one, a divorce, a loss of job, or a promotion may leave individuals vulnerable to disease. Daily Hassles: Rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, and becoming burnt-out are the most significant sources of stress and can damage health. Preview Question 12: What events provoke stress response?

The Stress Response System
Fight or Flight Walter Cannon introduced the term stress. He proposed that the stress response (fast) was a fight-or-flight response marked by the outpouring of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the inner adrenal glands

The Stress Response System
2. General Adaptation Syndrome According to Hans Selye, the stressed individual goes through three phases. Alarm reaction, Resistance, Exhaustion EPA/ Yuri Kochetkov/ Landov

Stress and the Heart Stress that leads to elevated blood pressure may result in coronary heart disease, a clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle. Plaque in coronary artery Artery clogged Preview Question 13: Why are some of us more prone than others to coronary heart disease?

Stress and Colds People with the highest life stress scores were also the most vulnerable when exposed to an experimental cold virus.

The Single Most Important Thing You Can Do For Your Stress:

Personality Types Type A is a term used for competitive, hard- driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people. Type B refers to easygoing, relaxed people (Friedman and Rosenman, 1974). Type A personalities are more likely to develop coronary heart disease.

Coping with Stress Problem-focused coping and Emotion-focused coping.
Reducing stress by changing events that cause stress or by changing how we react to stress is called problem-focused coping. Taking control Seeking information Evaluation the pros and cons Preview Question 15: What factors affect our ability to cope with stress?

Coping with Stress Emotion-focused coping is when we cannot change a stressful situation, and we respond by attending to our own emotional needs.(You think about your emotions or you can avoid them.) Keeping yourself busy/distracting yourself to take mind off issue Letting off steam to other people Praying for guidance and strength Ignoring problem Building yourself up to expect the worse Women tend to use more emotion focused strategies then men Preview Question 15: What factors affect our ability to cope with stress?

Personal Control External Locus of Control: When people feel that chance or outside forces beyond their control determines their fate. Internal Locus of Control: When people feel that they control their own fate.

Develop An Internal Locus of Control (Article Review)
Read the article. What does research say about people with an internal locus of control? What are the 5 ways to Develop An Internal Locus of Control? What are some tips that are mentioned?

Develop An Internal Locus of Control
Realize that you always have choice to change your situation. When you feel trapped, make a list of all possible courses of action. You may want to also brainstorm with a friend to get more ideas When you have a list, evaluate each one and decide on the best course of action for you. Repeat this practice when you feel trapped in frustrating situations in your life. Tips: Notice your language and self talk. Phase out phrases like, ‘I have no choice’, and, ‘I can’t…” You can replace them with, ‘I choose not to,’ or, ‘I don’t like my choices, but I will…’ Your attitude affects your stress level more than you may realize.

Explanatory Style People with an optimistic (instead of pessimistic) explanatory style tend to have more control over stressors, cope better with stressful events, have better moods, and have a stronger immune system.

Social Support Supportive family members, marriage partners, and close friends help people cope with stress. Their immune functioning calms the cardiovascular system and lowers blood pressure. Bob Daemmrich/ Stock, Boston

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