1. History of Healthcare

2. Early Beginnings
Primitive human begins – no
electricity, few tools, and poor
shelter.
Predators
Superstitious
Exorcise

3. 4000 BC – 3000 BC Primitive times
Illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods
Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
Herbs and plants used as medicines (morphine and digitalis)
Trepanation or trephining

4. Herbs and plants as medicine
Digitalis
Comes from foxglove plant
Given in pill form, IV, or injection
Strengthen or slow heartbeat
Quinine
Comes from bark of chinchona tree
Controls fever, relieves muscle spasms, and helps prevent malaria

5. Herbs and plants as medicine
Belladonna and Atropine
Made from poisonous nightshade plant
Relieve muscle spasm (GI)
Morphine
Made from opium poppy
Relieves severe pain
Addicting and used when nothing else will help.

6. Medicine in ancient times
Accurate
Observation

7. 3000 BC – 300 BC Ancient Egyptians
Physicians were priests
Bloodletting or leeches used as medical treatment

8. Egyptians Earliest people to keep accurate records
Called upon gods to heal them
Learned to identify certain diseases
Used medicines to heal diseases
Learned the art of splinting fractures

9. 1700 BC – AD 220 Ancient Chinese Used therapies such as acupuncture
Believed to cure the body you must nourish the spirit.

10. 1200 BC –200 BC Ancient Greeks
First to observe the human body and the effects of disease – led to modern medical sciences.
Believed illness is a result of natural causes
Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment

11. Greeks First to study the causes of diseases
Kept records on what they observed and what they thought caused diseases
Helped eliminate superstition because of research
Found that some diseases were caused by lack of sanitation

12. Greeks Aqueducts Sewers Public baths with filtering systems
Beginning of public health and sanitation
Did not believe that supernatural forces caused disease

13. Note:
During ancient times, religious customs
did not allow bodies to be dissected.

14. Hipprocates (ca. 469-377 B.C.) Father of medicine
Based his knowledge of anatomy and physiology on observation of the external body.
Kept notes of signs and symptoms of diseases

15. Hipprocates (ca B.C.)
Found that disease was not caused by supernatural forces
Wrote standard of ethics called the oath of Hipprocates.

16. 753 BC – AD 410 Ancient Romans
Established first hospital (caring for soldiers in their homes)
First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts

17. Romans First to organize medical care
M.D.’s and equipment traveled with armies
Dr.’s kept ill room in house
Beginning of hospitals
Roman government paid physicians
Death mask

18. AD 400 – AD 800 Dark Ages Began after the fall of the Roman Empire
Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited
Monks and priests treated patients with prayer

19. Dark Ages (A.D. 400-800) Middle Ages (A.D. 800-1400)
Roman empire conquered
For 1,000 years medicine was practiced only in convents & monasteries.
Custodial care
Herbal mixes

20. AD 800 – AD 1400 Middle Ages
Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans
Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia

21. AD 1350 – AD 1650 Renaissance
Dissection of body led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared

22. Renaissance (A.D. 1350-1650) Rebirth of learning Developments
Dissection
Once was prohibited by religion

23. Current and future research
AIDS CA
Diabetes
Cure for genetic disorders
Improved treatment for colds and arthritis
Isolation of gene that causes depression
Use of electronics that help disabled people walk
Nutritional therapy to decrease # of cases of schizophrenia

24. Medical Ethics
Medicine will always have to determine if practice is or isn’t ethical.
What is the single most effective way to prevent or reduce infection?