1. By Mohamed Elfeki, September 2000, Saxion University, the Netherlands
THE APPLICATION
OF TECHNOLOGY
TO TREAT
INFECTIOUS WASTE
IN EGYPT
TITLE By
Mohamed Elfeki,
September 2000,
Saxion University, the Netherlands

2. PRESENATION CONTENTS INTRODUCTION THE OBJECTIVE MAIN RESEARCH QUESTION
TARGET GROUPS
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
INCINERATION
MANAGEMENT
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
QUESTIONS
END

3. Introduction 1- INFECTIOUS WASTE 2- RISKS OF INFECTIOUS WASTE
Health
Inside hospitals
Outside hospials
Environment
Introduction

4. The Objective The Objective
Evaluation the treatment technologies options for infectious waste, which is produced by hospitals in the Netherlands in order to be able to select the most appropriate techniques that can be applied in Egypt.
The Objective

5. Main Research Question
What are the most appropriate techniques to treat infectious waste, which is produced by hospitals in Egypt to be in accordance with the legal international allowable limits of environmental pollution and public healthcare?

6. Target Groups
1- Egyptian Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs (MSEA)
2- Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP)
Target Groups

7. Problem Description
Problem Description
TONS/YEAR

8. Treatment Technologies
1- Incineration
2- Steam sterilisation
3- Microwave sterilisation
Treatment Technologies

9. 4- Landfills 5- Chemical sterilisation 6- Gas sterilisation 7- Hot air/dry heat sterilisation 8- Electrothermal deactivation 9- Irradiation sterilisation 10- Cobalt-60 gamma rays 11- Ultraviolet 12- Electro beam sterilisation

10. Typical incineration Plant
Support fuel (oil/gas) & air
Stack
Primary combustion
chamber
2ry combustion
chamber
Boiler/heat exchanger
/cooling system
Flue gas cleaner
Bottom ash
(Landfill)
Heat and/or hot water
(to be utilized)
Dry process = Fly ash + Chemicals or Wet process = fly ash + Sludge (Landfill) + Water (Sewer system)

11. Typical Steam sterilisation plant
Steam from gas/oil
Size reduction
Heat + Pressure
treatment
Compaction
Loading + transport
to landfill
Water + Wastewater
Wastwater
Landfilling of
treated waste

12. Typical Microwave plant
Water for
dry waste
Power to feed microwave generator
Size reduction
Heat + microwave
treatment
Compaction
Loading + transport
to landfill
Water vapour
Wastewater
Landfilling of
treated waste

13. Comparison between the most common treatment options

15. Incinerators 1- Municipal Incinerators 2- Rotary Kiln Incinerators
3- Pyrolytic Incinerators
Incinerators

16. Comparison between the available incinerators

18. 16 Ammonia 25% storage A Hospital waste 1a Gasification incinerator
B Air and gas 1b After burner
C Process water Slag container
D Slag Boiler
E Flue gas Steam drum
F Steam Ash collecting bag
G Boiler feed water Breakwater tank
H Fly ash st scrubber
I Sour wash water nd scrubber
J Base water Tank 10% NaOH
K Injection of NaOH 10 Adsorbent storage
L Injection of adsorbent Bag house
M Used adsorbent Main fan
N Injection of Na4OH Used adsorbent storage
O To the chimney SCR DeNOx reactor
Injector NH4OH
16 Ammonia 25% storage

19. Allowable emission limits and the achieved emissions by ZAVIN
Allowable emission limits and the achieved emissions by ZAVIN. All values are expressed in micrograms/m3 (ugm/m3)

20. Real values could be obtained by dividing the values above by 100
Real values could be obtained by dividing the values above by 100. All values are expressed in ugm/m3 except for dioxins that are in nanogram/m3 (ngm/m3)

21. Management
Management

22. 1- Constructing Treatment Plants in Egypt 2- Managing the Infectious Waste in Egypt Segregation Collection / packaging Storage Transporation

23. Conclusions
1- Infectious waste in Egypt is burned openly on-site or burned in sub-standard burners.
2-There are no specific article in the Egyptian law about the emissions released due to infectious waste treatment.
3- Infectious waste management is important for environmental health protection.
4- The pyrolysis/gasification with after-burning and steam boiler is the most appropriate thermal treatment technique of infectious waste for Egypt especially with pathological waste and contaminated sharps because it renders body parts unrecognisable, sharps unusable and destroys Cytostatics completely.
5- The Netherlands has an advanced management and treatment system in the field of infectious waste. This system has proved a very high quality by lowering the emissions limits to a level, which is less than the European limits.
6- Central Treatment Centres (CTC`s) could offer a complete service to hospitals for all kind of hazardous waste.
Conclusions

24. Recommendations
1- (MSEA) has to establish a table containing the allowable emission limits in the case of treating infectious waste. This table must be under the international limits or at least the same.
2- Direct landfilling of untreated infectious waste must be prohibited for public and occupational health as well as aesthetic reasons.
3- Using the management plan of this research as an example to manage infectious waste.
4- The (CTC`s) including Pyrolysis/Gasification could be suitable manner in order to manage infectious waste adequately and economically. In addition this system has no limitations except for the separation of radioactive waste, Hence it can overcome bad separation of the different waste streams.
5- The awareness of hospital staff and personnel about waste separation and packaging in a proper way to minimise the negative impact on the environment and public health.
Recommendations

25. Questions

26. Thank you
End
Bedankt
Salaam