1. Review for Test: Mitosis , Meiosis, DNA, Scientific Method, and Earth Space Spiraling

2. What is DNA and How does it work?
DNA shape
spiraling ladder or double helix
Function of DNA?
Acts as a blueprint for living things
Amino Acids?
tiny chemicals that make up proteins – building blocks
Relationship between DNA and amino acids (AA)
DNA tells the AA in what shape to line up in order to create a protein
What are the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA?
adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
Ribosomes make proteins by reading the DNA and line up the amino acids; List the Steps to make proteins
DNA makes RNA
Ribosomes and RNA lines up aa
AA makes proteins
Proteins makes cells
Cells make life

3. Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
Adenine
sugar phosphate backbone
Hydrogen Bonds

4. Review DNA Think about these questions on your own.
What is the function of DNA?
DNA acts as a blueprint for living things. It tells the ribosomes in what order to line up the amino acids to create proteins.
Where is DNA housed in the cell?
Nucleus
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA is housed in the nucleus and RNA is a copy of DNA that is moved to the cytoplasm to be read by ribosomes to make proteins.
What is the relationship between DNA , ribosomes, and amino acids.
DNA is copied to RNA and then ribosomes read the RNA and tell amino acids in what order to line up in to create proteins.

5. Prokaryotic Both Eukaryotic
No membrane bound organelles
DNA – Circular
No Nucleus
Example: bacteria
Antibiotics are specific to these cells
Genetic Material – DNA
Ribosomes
Cell Membranes
Have organelles
Cells perform certain functions
Membrane bound organelles
DNA – double helix
Nucleus
Example: fungus and human cells
Antibiotics don’t work

6. Mitosis Both Meiosis Asexual reproduction
Growth and repair in multicellular organisms
Makes body cells - Identical cells
Unicellular organisms reproduce
Does PMAT once
End product 2 identical cells
DNA is duplicated during Interphase
Spindle fibers pull apart chromosomes
Used to create new cells
Spindle fibers are attached to the centrioles helping to pull apart the chromosomes.
Sexually reproduction
Homologous chromosomes – about size and same types of genes in same location
Gametes are the sex cells the egg and sperm
Cells are all different from each other at end
End product 4 cells with half the genetic material
Does PMAT twice
Crossing over- transfer of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
Cross over occurs in Prophase I
Non-disjunction – when chromosomes do not separate correctly and lead to genetic disorders
1st – period 4:35

7. Interphase: DNA condenses into a chromatid and is copied.
Prophase: The chromosomes are condensed, the spindle fibers begin to form from the centrioles, and the nuclear membrane dissolves.
Metaphase :The chromosome align on the cell’s middle
Anaphase: Chromatids are separated and moved to opposite poles.
Telophase: The nuclear membrane forms around both sets of chromosomes. The cell divides into two identical cells
Cytokinesis: The cell divides into two identical cells.

8. Mitosis What do cells have to do during Interphase?
Interphase = the cell keeps growing , copies the DNA, duplicates necessary organelles , takes up nutrients , makes proteins
What happens to the cell membrane , nuclear envelope , and centrosomes during Mitosis?
The cell membrane gets larger than divides in half. (cytokinesis)
The nuclear envelope dissolves then reforms during telophase.
The centrosomes duplicate and make two centrosomes in the cells.
What two things make up centrosomes?
Centrosomes are made up of centrioles and microtubules.
What is the function of centrosomes?
The function of centrosomes are attach to the chromosomes and pull them apart
What is DNA wrapped around to be condensed?
When DNA is condensed it is wrapped around a protein called a histone.
The X shaped DNA is called a chromosome.
The two slashes are called sister chromatid.

9. Back of half Sheet Interphase Draw the three parts of interphase.
Then the phases of Mitosis during the video.
Interphase

10. Chromatids are separated and moved to opposite poles.
Draw on back of half sheet leave room underneath each drawing to take notes
Nuclear membrane dissolves
Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
Chromosomes line up in middle
Chromatids are separated and moved to opposite poles.
The nuclear envelopes reform around the chromatids.
The cell splits in two
Cytokinesis

11. Spiraling Lesson Launcher 11/4
What is the difference between rotation and revolution?
Rotation is the movement of the Earth on its axis, causing day and night.
Revolution is the movement of the Earth around the sun. (year)
What causes Seasons?
Seasons are caused by the tilt of the Earth towards or away from the sun.
What is Earth’s angle of tilt?
Earth’s tilt is 23.5 degrees.

12. Lesson Launcher – Quiz Questions Review
Which of the following is a true statement?
Cells prepare for Mitosis in prophase
During Mitosis a cell divides twice
During telophase the cells’ nuclear envelope reforms
 Mitosis is the process by which
cells grow in size.  
a cell’s nucleus divides.  
cytokinesis occurs. 
DNA is replicated
What incorrectly describes what happens during the phase labeled B.
The nuclear envelope dissolves
The DNA is copied
The centrosomes begin to form
This is prophase
4. Proteins are built in the ________________.
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Golgi Apparatus

13. Gene – sequence of DNA that determines a trait and passed form parent to offspring
Example: height , weight, eye color, hair color
Genotype – an organism’s genetic make-up
Example : order of nitrogen bases – ATCGCGTACG
Phenotype - an organism’s physical appearance or traits
Example - brown hair , blue eyes
Heterozygous – two different alleles for a particular gene
Homozygous – same alleles for a particular gene

14. Homologous chromosomes are separated during telophase I
Homologous chromosomes – are about the same size and same types of genes in same location
Homologous chromosomes are separated during telophase I
Crossing over – exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes, which occurs during Prophase I
Crossing- Over

15. Lesson Launcher Spiraling
What has to happen to classify a moon as a super moon?
A moon becomes a super moon when a new moon is closer to Earth during its orbit.
If the moon is 90 closer to the Earth during its orbit.
What is a moon illusion?
A moon illusion is when a moon is near the horizon and creates an optical illusion.
What are the dates of the 3 super moons?
The dates of the 3 super moons are Oct 16th , Nov , 14, and Dec 14th.
What is the order of the following from largest to smallest: universe, Andromeda galaxy , solar system, sun, planet, moon

16. Nature of Science Answers#1
What should a scientist do after they have created the problem they want to study?
Research the topic #2
What is the variable that changes due to the experiment?
Dependent Variable #3
What is the purpose of a control variable?
A control lets the scientist compared answers #4
Maggie observed the foraging habbits of birds during the different seasons. What is the independent and dependent variable?
IDV: different seasons DV: foraging habits #5
Explain the difference between a scientific law and theory.
A scientific law is simple and always observed true, while a scientific theory is complex and has been test multiple times by many different scientist to be proven true

17. Cells and Homeostasis Answers#6
Does diffusion require energy? No #7
What does a multi-cellular organism use cell division for?
Growth and repair #8
What is the difference between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast and uses sunlight to make glucose, while cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria and coverts glucose to energy for the cell. #9
What is the order of the levels of organization from smallest to largest?
atoms , elements, molecules, compounds, cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organism
#10
What organelle provides the energy for the cell to actively transport materials across it?
Mitochondria

18. Cell Parts and DNA Answers
#11
What is the lysosomes like Mr. Pacman?
They both eat things.
#12
What is the function of a ribosome?
to make proteins
#13
Why is the DNA copied into RNA and where does it go?
There is not enough room in the nucleus for the DNA to be read to make proteins , so a copy called RNA is made and moved into the cytoplasm to make proteins.
#14
What are the 4 nitrogen bases of DNA?
Adamine , thymine, guanine, cytosine
#15
What two organelles does a plant cell have than an animal cell does not?
Cell wall and chloroplast

19. Mitosis and Meiosis Answers
#16
What cell division is used to produce gametes?
Meiosis
#17
Give an example of a somatic cell and what type of division creates somatic cells?
Lung , heart, liver, skin cells Type of Division: Mitosis or asexual
#18
How many times does a cell divide in meiosis?
Twice because it produces 4 cells with half genetic information
#19
What is the reason you and your siblings do not look alike?
During Prophase I the homolgous chromosomes exchange DNA ,which is called crossing over.
#20
Why does meiosis produce cells with half the needed amount of genetic information?
The cells produced in meiosis have half the genetic information because they will combine with another cell with half genetic information during fertilization and create an offspring with a complete set of DNA.

20. Earth Space Answers #21 How is metamorphic rock formed?
Heat and Pressure
#22
What is the oldest rock type?
igneous
#23
Which of Earth's spheres is all the water in the form of ice?
Cryosphere
#24
Order the following from largest to smallest: galaxy , moon, planet, sun
Galaxy , sun , planet, moon
#25
What is the order of the celestial bodies to create a solar eclipse?
sun - moon - earth

21. 1. Why does the gravity of the moon not move buildings on Earth
1. Why does the gravity of the moon not move buildings on Earth? The gravity of the moon does not move buildings on Earth because building have foundations and are stable structures.
4. Neap Tide
2. High and Low Tide
3. Spring Tide
5. How does the sun enhance or diminish the moon’s gravitational pull? The sun enhances the moon’s gravitational pull when it is in a line with the earth and moon. The sun diminishes the moon’s gravitational pull when it makes a right angle with moon and earth.

22. Scientific Method DNA Meiosis Research Variables Nucleus
Nitrogen bases
Gametes
Prophase I
Question
Graphs
Chromosome
Crossing over
All of these words are parts or steps of the scientific method. Question (problem) is the 1st step, Research is the 2nd step. Variables are part of the experiment and graphs are in the data and analysis step of the scientific method.
Nitrogen bases make up DNA which is found in the nucleus. Chromosomes are DNA tightly packed.
Crossing over occurs in prophase I and it is when the chromosomes exchange DNA and it creates daughter cells that are not genetically identical, which are called gametes.

23. Questions to answer in Days of Week group
What cells in your body go through mitosis?
Somatic or body cells go through mitosis in the body. Mitosis is used for growth and repair in multicellular organisms Examples: liver cells, skin cells, heart cells
Why does meiosis going through PMAT twice?
Meiosis produces 4 cells with half the genetic information. If it only divided once it would produce 2 cells with a complete set of genetic information like mitosis, therefore it has to divide twice.
How many cells are produced in mitosis and meiosis?
Meiosis produces 4 cells with half genetic material and Mitosis produces 2 cells with a complete set of genetic information.
Why are you not genetically identical to your brother and sister?
Crossing over occurs in Prophase 1 of meiosis and it exchanges genetic information causing the product cells to be different.

24. Lesson Launcher Spiraling
What is weather?
Weather is conditions of the atmosphere at that period in time.
List the factors that affect weather.
Factors that affect weather are temperature , humidity, air pressure.
What does high pressure bring?
High pressure brings sunny clear days.
What does low pressure bring?
Low pressure brings rainy cloudy days.
What is the difference between weather and climate?
The difference between weather and climate is weather is the conditions of the atmosphere at a given time and climate is the conditions of the atmosphere over a long period of time.