1. Drug Sources, Schedules, and Dosages
UNIT 7
Drug Sources, Schedules, and Dosages

2. Key Terms Abuse Addiction Administer Bioassay Biologics Biotechnology
Controlled substance
Dispense
Genetic engineering
Narcotic
Pharmacopeia
Practitioner
Prescribe

3. Subdivisions of Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacotherapeutics
Toxicology

4. Uses for Drugs Therapeutic Diagnostic Curative Replacement
Prophylactic/preventive

5. Drug Names Chemical Generic Brand
Formula that denotes chemical composition of drug
Generic
Official name
Brand
Trade name given by manufacturer

6. Drug Names Discussion Question:
How would you explain the difference between a brand name drug and a generic drug to a patient?

7. Drug Sources Plants Animals Minerals Synthetic
Genetically engineered/biologics

8. Drug Sources Plants Animals
Plants have been used as a source of medication since time began
May use leaves, roots, stems, or fruit
Examples: digitalis, iodine, Cenestin
Animals
Very few drugs
Made from fluids, tissues, organs, or glands of animals
Example: Premarin
(continues)

9. Drug Sources Minerals Naturally occurring substances
Highly purified form
Example: sulfur
(continues)

10. Drug Sources Synthetic Combination of various chemicals
May be identical to natural drug or totally unique
Can be produced in great volume
Less expensive than natural drugs
Examples: Chloromycetin, sulfathiazole
(continues)

11. Drug Sources Genetically engineered pharmaceuticals Biotechnology
Used in health care, agriculture, and industry
Utilizes gene splicing/DNA
Examples: Humulin, Activase, Nutropin, Pulmozyme
(continues)

12. Drug Sources Biologics Vaccines Blood and blood products
Recombinant therapeutic proteins
Examples: Amevive, Herceptin, Orencia, Remicade

13. Drug Legislation
All legal drugs controlled by Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
Protects purity, strength, and composition of food, drugs, devices, and cosmetics
FDA responsible for enforcement

14. Controlled Substances Act
For any drug with potential for addiction or abuse, it controls
Manufacture
Importation
Compounding
Selling
Dealing or giving away
(continues)

15. Controlled Substances Act
DEA responsible for enforcement
Practitioners must register with DEA
Must renew registration every 3 years

16. Controlled Substances
Record keeping
Must be kept separately from other records
Must be maintained on a daily basis
Must be kept for minimum 2 years
Security
Must be kept away from other drugs
Keep under double lock
Minimum employee access
Narcotic keys must be protected

17. Schedule I Not legal for use in United States High potential for abuse
Examples: heroin, LSD, hashish

18. Schedule II High potential for abuse
Legal medical uses in United States
Examples: Demerol, morphine, Ritalin

19. Schedule III Low to moderate potential for physical dependency
High potential for psychological dependency
Examples: Marinol, barbiturates, paregoric

20. Schedule IV Low potential for abuse as compared to Schedule III
Accepted medical use in United States
Examples: Valium, chloral hydrate, Clonopin

21. Schedule V Lowest potential for abuse
Accepted medical use in the United States
Examples: Lomotil, Robitussin A-C, Donnagel

22. Drug References/Resources
USP/NF: official list of standardized drugs
Published every 5 years
PDR: for health professionals
Supplements available throughout year
PDR Nurse’s Drug Handbook
Published annually
(continues)

23. Drug References/Resources
Product information insert
Provided by the drug manufacturer
FDA
Official Web site of FDA, DHHS, and CDER
Searchable catalog of FDA-approved drug products (prescription and OTC)
Updated daily with marketing status

24. Drug Dosage Factors to consider Weight, age, and gender
Pregnancy/lactation
Physical or emotional condition
Disease process/presence of another disease process
Causative microorganism and infection severity
Past medical history
Safest method, route, time, and amount for desired effect

25. Drug Dosage Discussion Questions:
What is the difference between a lethal dose and a toxic dose?
What is the difference between a maintenance dose and a therapeutic dose?

26. Types of Dosages Initial Average Loading Maintenance Minimum Maximum
Therapeutic
Divided
Unit
Cumulative
Lethal
Toxic