1. Topics discussed in this section:
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a distance. The word data refers to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data. Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.
Topics discussed in this section:
Components
Data Representation Data Flow
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2. Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication
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3. Data Representation
TEXT – unicode (32 bits to represent character)- ASCII
NUMBERS
IMAGES-composed of a matrix of pixel
AUDIO- recording or broadcasting of sound or music.
VIDEO- recording or broadcasting of a
picture or movie
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4. Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)
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5. Topics discussed in this section:
1-2 NETWORKS
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.
Topics discussed in this section:
Distributed Processing
Network Criteria Physical Structures Network Models Categories of Networks Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork
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6. Set of nodes connected via physical links
NETWORKS
Set of nodes connected via physical links
1) Distributing Processing
2) Sharing Data and centralization
3) Security and robustness
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7. Network Criteria 1) Performance : Transmission and
response times - throughput and delay.
2) Reliability: How often the networks fail
3) Security: Privacy and integrity of
communication Data; recovery from
breaches and data loss.
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8. Physical Structures: Types of connections:
1) Point to Point: (P to P) Dedicated link to be utilized only by end devices.
2) Multipoint (Multidrop): Many end devices share the link capacity.
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9. Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
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10. Physical Topology
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11. Figure 1.4 Categories of topology
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12. Physical Topology A) Mesh:
Each device has dedicated point-to-point link to other devices. Fully connected mesh will have n( n-1)/ 2 F.D. links
Where n = number of nodes
Advantages: Fast communication, Robust and Privacy (Security)
Disadvantages: Cabling Space and cost
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13. Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)
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14. Physical Topology (cont..)
B) Star:
Devices are connected Point to Point to a central “Hub” (Controller Exchanger)
Advantages: Less cabling and H/W ports, two hops only.
Disadvantage: Not robust
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15. Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations
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16. Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations
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17. Advantage: Less Cabling
C) Bus:
Multipoint link as “backbone” for a network where devices have drop line to tap into the bus
Advantage: Less Cabling
Disadvantages: Topology dependent, limit number of nodes on the bus due to signal
power loss with distance, not so
robust
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18. Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations
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19. Advantages : easy installation, better fault isolation and robustness.
C) Ring: Each device connects Point to Point with only two other devices in a left and right neighbors arrangement via a repeater.
Advantages : easy installation, better fault isolation and robustness.
Disadvantages: N/2 hops communication
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20. Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
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21. D) Hybrid: • Pizza “star” inside a “ ring”
Pros: Better robustness, still low cost, Delay is 1 hop (until the star is not with a ring cut, max 2. • Star of busses
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22. Categories of Networks:
Local Area Networks (LAN): Few Kilometers Connects devices (PCs, printers, servers.) within the same room, building, company, and campus.
Topologies most used are bus, ring and star.
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23. Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet
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24. Categories of Networks(cont..)
Wide Area Networks (WAN):
span a large geographical area about 100’s – 1000’s of Km
1) Switched: End users connected via a cloud of switches (subnet).
2) Point-to Point: Line leased from telephone company/ TV connecting users
to the ISP for Internet access.
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25. alternative technologies used include:
circuit switching
packet switching
frame relay
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
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26. Circuit Switching
uses a dedicated communications path established for duration of conversation
comprising a sequence of physical links
with a dedicated logical channel
eg. telephone network
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27. Packet Switching data sent out of sequence
small chunks (packets) of data at a time
packets passed from node to node between source and destination
used for terminal to computer and computer to computer communications
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28. Frame Relay
packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors
modern systems are more reliable
errors can be caught in end system
Frame Relay provides higher speeds
with most error control overhead removed
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29. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
evolution of frame relay
fixed packet (called cell) length
with little overhead for error control
anything from 10Mbps to Gbps
constant data rate using packet switching technique with multiple virtual circuits
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30. Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN
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31. Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs
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32. Categories of Networks(cont..)
Metropolitan Area Networks:
MAN town/city
High-speed backbone linking multiple LAN’s, DSL, TV cables.
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33. Topics discussed in this section:
1-3 THE INTERNET
The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our
daily lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a communication system that has brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.
Topics discussed in this section:
A Brief History
The Internet Today (ISPs)
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34. The Internet Internet evolved from ARPANET
first operational packet network
applied to tactical radio & satellite nets also
had a need for interoperability
lead to standardized TCP/IP protocols
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35. The Internet:
Huge number of interconnected Networks (100000’s) private organized, e.g.’ government, schools, research facilities, in many countries
Collection of LAN’S, MAN’S and WAN’s.
􀂄 The internet protocol stack is the TCP/IP
􀂄 End users use the internet via Internet Service providers (ISPs) which are of the following hierarchies:
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36. Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet
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37. Internet Elements
Stallings DCC8e Figure 1.4 illustrates the key elements that comprise the Internet, whose purpose is to interconnect end systems, called hosts; including PCs, workstations, servers, mainframes, and so on. Most hosts that use the Internet are connected to a network, such as a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN). These networks are in turn connected by routers.
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38. Internet Architecture
The Internet today is made up of thousands of overlapping hierarchical networks, an overview of the common, general characteristics can be made. Stallings DCC8e Figure 1.5 illustrates this. See hosts grouped into LANs, linked to an an Internet service provider (ISP) through a point of presence (POP). The connection is made in a series of steps starting with the customer premises equipment (CPE). ISPs can be classified as regional or backbone, with peering links between.
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39. Example Configuration
Stallings DCC8e Figure 1.6 illustrates some of the typical communications and network elements in use today. In the upper-left-hand portion of the figure, we see an individual residential user connected to an Internet service provider (ISP) through some sort of subscriber connection. The Internet consists of a number of interconnected routers that span the globe. The routers forward packets of data from source to destination through the Internet. The lower portion shows a LAN implemented using a single Ethernet switch. This is a common configuration at a small business or other small organization.
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40. Topics discussed in this section:
1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS
In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocols and standards. First, we define protocol, which is synonymous with rule. Then we discuss standards, which are agreed-upon rules.
Topics discussed in this section:
Protocols Standards
Standards Organizations Internet Standards
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41. What is a protocol? Communications between computers
requires very specific unambiguous rules
A protocol is a set of rules that governs
how two or more communicating parties
are to interact
Examples
Internet Protocol (IP)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
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42. Elements: 1) Syntax: PDU format
2) Semantics: The meaning of each PDU’s field
3) Timing: Synchronization of communication when PDU is to be transferred and its data rate.
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43. What is a standard?
• A “ standard is set of guidelines” to users and manufactures to ensure interconnectivity.
1) “Defacto” not approved but widely used (TCP/IP)
2) “Dejure”: approved by recognized body (IEEE 802.X).
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44. Summary introduced data communications needs communications model
defined data communications
overview of networks
introduce Internet
Chapter 1 summary.
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