1. The Islamic Gunpowder Empires 1500-1800
Global Interdependence and Exchange

2. Trio of Empires Ottoman Empire (1289-1918) Safavid Empire (1501-1722)
Mughal Empire ( )

3. Islam Central to nation-state expansion
Religion, culture & civilization
Quran – Holy book. Revelations given to Mohammed.
Sharia – Totality of political, religious, social and private life.

4. Ottoman Empire 1298-1918 First of the three Reached its peak in 1600
Survived through WWI
Present day Turkey

5. Ottoman – Beginnings
Grew from remnants of Turkic peoples after fall of Mongol Rule
Ghazi Warriors
Osman Bey
Gazi warriors – sacred duty to extend faith.

6. Empire Building 1300-1400 Janissaries (yeni cheri)
Greece, Albania, Bulgaria and former Yugoslavia
Official recognition of Orthodox Christian Church
Invasion of Timur destroyed most of empire

7. Mehmed the Conqueror 1451-81 Taking of Constantinople
“Sovereign of the Two Lands and the Two Seas” – Established Ottoman Empire in Europe and Asia
Artillery & naval power

8. Military Campaigns
Shift focus from Christian Europe to Islamic Empires in Egypt and Persia
Fierce campaign against the Safavids
Mecca and Medina

9. Suleyman I 1520-66 Suleyman the Magnificent
Height of the Ottoman Empire
Further move into Europe
Renewed hostilities with Safavids

10. Relations with Safavids
Renewed hostilities
Took Baghdad and Tabriz, the capital
By 1538 controlled Persian Gulf and Red Sea
Treaty of 1555 returned Tabriz to Safavids

11. Death and Decline Loss to Europeans at Malta - 1565
Suleyman died in 1566
By 1600 lost much of its power
Survived until the end of WWI

12. Safavid Empire 1501-1722 Origins as a religious sect
Officially a Shi’ite empire
Short lived
Present day Iran

13. Shah Ismail 1501-26 Twelver Shi’ism official religion
Violent conversion
Qizilbash
Claimed Ottoman land

14. Instability 1524-87 Death of Ismail – 1524
Power struggle among Qizilbash
Move to more secular administration
Attempt to return to Sunni origins
Number of rulers unable to stabilize empire
The Qizilbash ("Red Heads" due to their red headgear) were a religious group of different ethnic backgrounds, who helped found the Safavid dynasty. Kizilbash were able to produce a well-equipped army which was loyal to the Dynasty. They fought many campaigns, mosty against the Ottomans.

15. Abbas the Great 1587-1629 Rejuvenated empire Quelled internal revolts
Faced Ottomans
Enhanced trade with Europeans

16. Domestic Affairs Permanent paid army to counter Qizilbash infighting
Centralization of power
Relocation of capital to Isfahan

17. Conflict with the Ottomans
Peace Treaty of 1590
Retook Tabriz in 1605
Recaptured Baghdad 1623
By death in 1629 Safavid Empire restored to borders established by Ismail I

18. Europeans
Concluded new trade agreements to offset losses to Portuguese
Traded Persian silks with English
Became middleman for Indian goods
Allied with British against Ottomans

19. Decline Abbas I feared ascension to throne
Ceased giving provincial governorships to Safavid princes
No shah was prepared to hold empire together
Fell to Afghan invaders