1. Infection Control
Define the terms relating to infection control practices in health care
Describe the four major groups of pathogens and research common infectious diseases associated with each group
Describe the infectious process and methods to prevent infection
Describe the methods of Standard an Transmiss
on-Based Isolation Precautions that prevent the spread of micro-organisms
Describe three levels of medical asepsis
List the principles of surgical asepsis
How can health care works keep infection from spreading?
What are the links in the chain of infection?
How can health care professionals prevent the spread of disease at each link in the chain of infection?
How are diseases transmitted from person to person?
Why do some people get sick and others do not?
What are the advantages of washing hands with soap and water vs hand sanitizer?
When should a health care worker use sterile gloving rather than normal
gloving?

2. Infection Control
Direct correlation between exposure to microorganisms and disease

3. Types of Microorganisms
Pathogens
Any disease causing microorganisms
Non-pathogens
Normal body flora
Beneficial:
maintaining body processes
food production
Yogurt, sour cream, beer, bread

4. Types of Pathogens Fungi: Molds and yeasts Found in air, soil, water
Causes:
Athlete’s foot
Ringworm
Thrush

5. Types of Pathogens Protozoa:
Only group of microbes classified as animals
Usually found in watery environments
Causes:
STDs
Malaria
Dysentery

6. Types of Pathogens Varicella (chickenpox) Common cold Herpes Viruses:
Obligate intracellular parasite
Cannot reproduce unless inside host cell
Not susceptible to antibiotics
Causes:
Varicella (chickenpox)
Common cold
Herpes

7. Bacteria Simple one celled plants that multiply rapidly
Classified by shape
Bacilli
Rod-shaped
Have ability to form spores-a protective hard “shell” protects daughter cell
Cause:
Tuberculosis
Whooping cough
Food poisoning

8. Bacteria Cocci Round shaped Cause: Gonorrheae Strep throat
Wound infections
Toxic shock syndrome

9. Spirals
Spirilla
Spiral or corkscrew shaped
Causes:
Syphilis
Cholera

10. Factors Required for Microbial Growth

11. Factors required for microbial growth
Warm environment
Body temperature
Darkness
Many killed by sunlight
Source of food
Moisture
Varying oxygen needs

12. How Microorganisms Cause Disease

13. How microbes cause disease
Toxins
poisons
Allergic reaction
Runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing
Cell invasion
Invades living cells and destroy them

14. How Microorganisms Are Spread

15. How Microorganisms are spread
Direct contact
Directly from one person to another
Sex, kissing, touching
Indirect contact
From inanimate objects or food
Airborne
Droplets from sneezing and coughing
Droplets of blood and body fluids
Insects and pests

16. The Chain of Infection

17. 1st Link- The Infectious Agent
Any pathogen

18. 2nd Link- The Reservoir
Organism or environment where infectious agent resides
People
Equipment
Water
Carrier Host
Shows no outward signs/symptoms of disease, but capable of transmitting the disease

19. 3rd Link- Portal of Exit Route of escape of pathogen from reservoir
Examples:
respiratory tract
gastrointestinal tract
genitourinary tract
breaks in skin

20. 4th Link- Route of Transmission
Method by which pathogen gets from reservoir to new host
Direct contact:
Sexual contact
Contact blood/body fluids
Indirect contact:
Objects to person
Airborne
Insects and pests

21. 5th Link- Portal of Entry
Route which pathogen enters new host
Examples:
Respiratory tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Genitourinary tract
Mucous membranes
Breaks in skin

22. 6th Link- Susceptible Host
Organism that is at risk for infection
Organism with weakened immune system
Examples:
AIDS pts
Pts on chemotherapy
Transplant pts
Elderly and very young
Burn pts

23. Remember--breaking the chain of infection is the responsibility
of each health professional.

24. Standard Precautions Developed by the CDC
Applied to all clients regardless of diagnosis and infection status
Use when performing procedures requiring contact with blood, body fluids, mucous membranes or contaminated items.

25. Standard Precautions Use appropriate personal protective equipment
Wash hands frequently
Bandage cuts properly
Use face shields during CPR
Standard Precautions for Patient Contact
According to the CDC, every bodily fluid must be considered infectious. Therefore, health care workers must use appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves, masks, eyewear, and gowns, when they are likely to contact infectious materials. Infectious materials include blood and other bodily fluids, mucous membranes, non-intact skin, and tissue specimens.
Hands must be washed frequently to avoid spreading infection. Hands should always be washed before and after wearing gloves, before and after performing a procedure, after contacting blood or other bodily fluids, and between patient contacts.
Health care workers must bandage all cuts and scratches properly. Patient contact should be limited if a worker has a wound or skin condition that is likely to seep or bleed. In addition, health care workers that are sick must avoid direct contact with patients.
Whenever possible, face shields should be used instead of mouth-to-mouth contact during CPR. These devices should be stored in convenient places throughout a medical facility.

26. Precautions for Environmental Cleanliness
Place sharps in puncture- proof biohazardous waste containers
Clean up spills immediately
Discard infectious waste in biohazardous waste bags
Place contaminated linens in biohazardous laundry bags
Standard Precautions for Environmental Cleanliness
Used sharps should be placed into puncture-proof, biohazardous waste containers. Sharps include needles, surgical blades, syringes, and razors. Additionally, needles should never be bent or broken after use, and they should never be recapped.
Spills must be cleaned up immediately. Appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn when cleaning. It is also important to read the manufacturer’s instructions and the materials safety data sheet before using a chemical cleaning solution.
All infectious waste must be discarded in a biohazardous waste bag. Infectious waste includes gloves, gowns, masks, disposable eyewear, contaminated dressings, drainage bags, disposable basins and bedpans, and other disposable items that have contacted blood or other bodily fluids.
Linens that are contaminated with blood or other bodily fluids must be placed in biohazardous laundry bags. Contaminated linens must be soaked in disinfectant solution before laundering.

27. Gowns
Gowns should be worn when using chemical solutions and during procedures where splashing or spraying of blood and bodily fluid is likely.
Disposable gowns should be placed into biohazardous waste containers after use.
Non-disposable gowns may be placed into biohazardous linens bags.
Gowns
Gowns are personal protective equipment that must be worn during certain medical procedures. Health care workers should wear gowns when using chemical solutions for disinfection or sterilization. Gowns should also be worn during procedures where splashing or spraying of blood and bodily fluid is likely.
Health care workers must change gowns between patient visits. The same gown should never be worn for more than one patient. In addition, disposable gowns should be placed into biohazardous waste containers after use. Non-disposable gowns may be placed into biohazardous linens bags and then sent to be laundered and disinfected.

28. Masks and Eyewear
Masks and eyewear must be worn for procedures that may produce splashes or sprays of blood or bodily fluid.
Masks should be worn once and then discarded into biohazardous waste containers.
Eyewear is often reusable. However, it must be cleaned and disinfected before reuse.
Masks and Eyewear
According to standard precautions, health care workers must wear masks and eyewear for procedures that may produce splashes or sprays of blood or bodily fluid. Masks and eyewear will protect a health care worker’s eyes, mouth, and nose from exposure to pathogens.
For procedures that require other forms of personal protective equipment, masks and eyewear should be put on after gowns and before gloves. Masks should be worn once and then discarded into biohazardous waste containers. If a mask gets wet or is worn for more than 30 minutes, it must be discarded and replaced with a new mask. Eyewear is often reusable. However, it must be cleaned and disinfected before reuse.

29. Non-Sterile Gloves
Non-sterile gloves should be worn when contacting blood or other bodily fluids and when handling or cleaning contaminated items.
The same pair of gloves should never be worn in more than one procedure.
Wearing gloves should never replace washing hands.
Non-Sterile Gloves
Non-sterile gloves are essential pieces of personal protective equipment. However, wearing gloves should never replace washing hands. Hands must be washed first and then gloved. Health care workers should wear non-sterile gloves when contacting blood or other bodily fluids and when handling or cleaning contaminated items.
If other protective equipment is required for a procedure, gloves should be put on last. Gloves should always be changed between patient visits. The same pair of gloves should never be worn in more than one procedure. In addition, gloves must never be washed and reused. Washing gloves could create holes and make them ineffective.

30. Hand Washing Tips Sink, handles, and faucet is considered contaminated
Use warm water
less damaging to skin
Liquid soap preferred
Friction, sudsing action & alkalinity of soap
bar soap and dish are contaminated
Keeping fingertips pointed downward
Wash palms, backs, sides, between fingers, under and around nails, 2 in up arm
1 ½ to 2 min

31. When Hands Should Be Washed
Beginning and end of shift
Between patients
After removing gloves and other protective wear

32. When Hands Should Be Washed
When visibly contaminated with blood or tissues
Before leaving the patient area
Before and after eating, applying makeup, using the bathroom, handling contact lenses, handling equipment

33. Time for Handwashing Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mYiEQaAQFxY
Donning and removing disposable gloves

34. Aseptic Techniques
Medical asepsis or clean techniques designed to prevent spread of disease

35. Aseptic Techniques Antiseptic Disinfectant
Bacteriostatic substances that inhibit the growth of bacteria
Can be used on the skin
Alcohol and iodine
Disinfectant
Bactericidal substances that kill bacteria and most viruses
Cannot be used on the skin
10% bleach, chemicals, boiling

36. Aseptic Techniques Sterilization
Process destroys all microbes including spores
This includes steam or gas under pressure, radiation and chemicals using an autoclave

37. Aseptic Techniques Surgical asepsis
The use of all levels of aseptic techniques to prevent introduction of harmful microorganisms into the patient

38. Infection Control Questions
Describe your condition when “fit & well”.
What kind of symptoms indicate the presence of disease?
What is your experience of methods used to fight disease?
Give examples of diseases caused by living organisms.
Why do people in developing countries suffer more than in developed countries?
List the four major groups of pathogens.
Describe how bacteria play a beneficial role.
Describe environmental factors influencing how bacteria grow.
Explain how viruses differ from bacteria.
Explain why viruses are spread so easily and are so hard to get rid of.