1. Table of Contents Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat
The Transfer of Heat
Thermal Energy and States of Matter
Uses of Heat

2. Temperature Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual particles in matter.

3. Temperature Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat
Temperature changes cause the level of the liquid inside a thermometer to rise and fall.

4. Temperature Scales Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat
The three common scales for measuring temperature are the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales.

5. Converting Units Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat
To convert a Fahrenheit temperature to a Celsius temperature, use the following formula:
ºC = 5/9 (ºF – 32)
For example, if the temperature in your classroom is 68ºF, what is the temperature in degrees Celsius?
ºC = 5/9 (68 – 32)
ºC = 5/9 X 36
ºC = 20
The temperature of your classroom is 20ºC.

6. Converting Units Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat Practice Problem
While at the beach, you measure the ocean temperature as 77ºF. What is the temperature of the ocean in degrees Celsius?
25ºC

7. Specific Heat Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat
The specific heat of three different materials was measured. These data are shown in the graph.

8. Specific Heat Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat Reading Graphs:
What three materials are compared in the graph?
Water, sand, and iron

9. Specific Heat Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat Interpreting Data:
About how much heat is required to raise 1 kg of water by 1 K?
About 4,200 J would be required

10. Specific Heat Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat
Drawing Conclusions:
According to the graph, which material requires more heat to raise its temperature by 1 K, iron or sand?
Sand

11. Specific Heat Temperature, Thermal Energy and Heat
A material with a high specific heat can absorb a great deal of thermal energy without a great change in temperature.

12. Comparing and Contrasting
Temperature,
Thermal Energy and Heat
Comparing and Contrasting
As you read, compare and contrast temperature, thermal energy, and heat by completing a table like the one below.
Energy Measured
Units
Average kinetic energy of particles
Fahrenheit or Celsius degrees, kelvins
Temperature
Total energy of all particles in an object
Thermal Energy
Joules
Heat
Energy transferred
Joules

13. Click the Video button to watch a movie about temperature.
Thermal Energy and Heat
Temperature
Click the Video button to watch a movie about temperature.

14. Links on Temperature and Heat
Thermal Energy and Heat
Links on Temperature and Heat
Click the SciLinks button for links on temperature and heat.

15. End of Section: Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat

16. Heat Moves One Way - The Transfer of Heat
If two objects have different temperatures, heat will flow from the warmer object to the colder one.

17. Heat Conductors Transferring Thermal Energy 6.2
The rate at which heat moves depends on the material.
Heat moves faster by conduction in solids and liquids than in gases.
In gases, particles are farther apart, so collisions with other particles occur less frequently than they do in solids or liquids.

18. Heat Conductors Transferring Thermal Energy 6.2
The best conductors of heat are metals.
In a piece of metal, there are electrons that are not bound to individual atoms, but can move easily through the metal.

19. Heat Conductors Transferring Thermal Energy 6.2
Collisions between these electrons and other particles in the metal enable thermal energy to be transferred more quickly than in other material.

20. Insulators - The Transfer of Heat
Air between the panes of this window acts as an insulator to slow the transfer of heat.

21. Identifying Main Ideas
- The Transfer of Heat
Identifying Main Ideas
As you read the section “How Is Heat Transferred?,” write the main idea in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write three supporting details that further explain the main idea.
Main Idea
Heat can be transferred in three ways.
Detail
Detail
Detail
Conduction– transfer of heat between particles without the movement of matter
Convection– transfer of heat by the movement of currents in a fluid
Radiation– transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves

22. Click the SciLinks button for links on forms of heat transfer.
- The Transfer of Heat
Links on Heat Transfer
Click the SciLinks button for links on forms of heat transfer.

23. Click the Video button to watch a movie about insulators.
- The Transfer of Heat
Insulators
Click the Video button to watch a movie about insulators.

24. End of Section: The Transfer of Heat

25. States of Matter Thermal Energy and States of Matter
Most matter on Earth can exist in three states–solid, liquid, and gas.

26. Changes of State Thermal Energy and States of Matter
Matter can change from one state to another when thermal energy is absorbed or released.

27. Thermal Expansion Thermal Energy and States of Matter
As the thermal energy of matter increases, its particles spread out and the substance expands. A bimetallic strip in a thermostat contracts or expands depending on whether it is cooled or warmed.

28. Building Vocabulary Thermal Energy and States of Matter
Using a word in a sentence helps you think about how best to explain the word. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use the information you have learned to write a meaningful sentence for each Key Term.
Key Terms:
Examples:
evaporation
boiling
condensation
thermal expansion
Key Terms:
Examples:
state
Water can exist in three different states, or forms.
If vaporization takes place at the surface of a liquid, it is called evaporation.
change of state
The physical change from one state of matter to another is called a change of state.
At higher temperatures, vaporization can occur below the surface of a liquid as well. This process is called boiling.
melting
The change of state from a solid to a liquid is called melting.
A change from the gas state to the liquid state is called condensation.
freezing
The change of state from a liquid to a solid is called freezing.
The expanding of matter when it is heated is known as thermal expansion.

29. Links on Changes of State
Thermal Energy
and States of Matter
Links on Changes of State
Click the SciLinks button for links on changes of state.

30. End of Section: Thermal Energy and States of Matter

31. External Combustion Engines
- Uses of Heat
External Combustion Engines
Engines that burn fuel outside the engine in a boiler are called external combustion engines.

32. Internal Combustion Engines
- Uses of Heat
Internal Combustion Engines
Most automobiles use four-stroke engines. These four strokes occur repeatedly in each of the engine’s cylinders.

33. Four-Stroke Engine Activity
- Uses of Heat
Four-Stroke Engine Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about four-stroke engines.

34. Cooling Systems - Uses of Heat
A refrigerator is a device that transfers thermal energy from inside the refrigerator to the room outside.

35. How Refrigerators Work
- Uses of Heat
Sequencing
A sequence is the order in which a series of events occurs. As you read, make a cycle diagram that shows how refrigerators work. Write each phase of the cooling system’s cycle in a separate circle.
How Refrigerators Work
Refrigerant absorbs heat.
Expansion valve decreases refrigerant’s temperature.
Compressor increases refrigerant’s temperature.
Refrigerant releases heat.

36. End of Section: Uses of Heat

37. Graphic Organizer Heat Thermal energy Conduction Convection Radiation
is the transfer of
Thermal energy by
Conduction
Convection
Radiation

38. End of Section: Graphic Organizer