1. 6 Foundational Civilizations

2. River Valley Civs of Afro-Eurasia

3. ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA Oldest known civilization
Cradle of Human Civilization
Old Testament
Nebuchadnezzar
Ziggurat (right)
Hanging gardens

4. Geography
This civ rose in the valleys between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Some say this Fertile Crescent was the real Garden of Eden.

5. In what modern day country was the Fertile Crescent?

7. Ur, the capital city of Mesopotamia

8. Political:What was the earliest kingdom in Mesopotamia? The second?

9. Social This is cuneiform.
Babylonians wrote using this “wedge-shaped” writing on clay tablets.
The Sumerians invented writing.

10. More cuneiform writing

11. More ziggurats

13. Hanging gardens of Babylonia

14. The ancient city of Babylon, under King Nebuchadnezzar II, must have been a wonder to the traveler's eyes. "In addition to its size," wrote Herodotus, a historian in 450 BC, "Babylon surpasses in splendor any city in the known world."
Herodotus claimed the outer walls were 56 miles in length, 80 feet thick and 320 feet high. Wide enough, he said, to allow a four-horse chariot to turn. The inner walls were "not so thick as the first, but hardly less strong." Inside the walls were fortresses and temples containing immense statues of solid gold. Rising above the city was the famous Tower of Babel, a temple to the god Marduk, that seemed to reach to the heavens

15. Another painting of the hanging gardens with Tower of Babel in back
                                                                

16. Economic: trade and farming
Sumerians (Mesopotamians) were known to trade with the Egyptians and the Indus Valley civilizations.
In later years, these trade routes became Silk Road.

17. Sumerians invented the wheel!
The wheel was invented by 6000 BC!
It helped military, farming and trade.
At right, this is made of wood.

18. Political:Mesopotamian Law
Code of Hammurabi
“eye for an eye tooth for a tooth”

19. INNOVATIONS Developed the first writing – cuneiform
Built clay brick structures – ziggurats (temples)
Developed the arch, ramps, sewers, and the wheel
Number system based
on 60 and algebra
Had a lunar calendar

20. ANCIENT EGYPT Nile River Mummies Pharaohs Rameses King Tutankhamen
Hieroglyphics

21. Egyptian civilization
Egyptian civilization arose a bit after Mesopotamia.
Geography: It was centered around the Nile River.

22. The Nile River

23. Pyramids These are the Giza pyramids, the most famous.
Pyramids were tombs for the kings.
These were built in 3500 B.C.E.
How old are they?

24. Khufu—The Great Pyramid
Built: Around 2560 BC
Function: Tomb of Pharoah Khufu
Size: Height 480 ft. (146m)
Made of: Mostly limestone
Other: Tallest building in the world till 1311 AD and again from 1647 to 1874.
It's 756 feet long on each side, 450 feet high and is composed of 2,300,000 blocks of stone, each averaging 2 1/2 tons in weight. No side is more than 8 inches different in length than another, and the whole structure is perfectly oriented to the points of the compass. Even in the 19th century, it was the tallest building in the world and, at the age of 4,500 years, it is the only one of the famous 7 Wonders of the Ancient World that still stands. Even today it remains the most massive building on Earth. It is the Great Pyramid of Khufu, at Giza, Egypt.

26. Political:Egyptian Pharaohs
Egyptians were led by Pharaohs.
They were priest-kings
King Tut is the most famous
Using computers, this image was reconstructed using his remains

27. Tutankhamun

28. Tutankhamun on the throne

29. Abu Simbel rock temples were built by Ramseses II

30. Mummies
Egyptians who could afford to do so would have themselves mummified.
They believed in a better afterlife if their body was preserved.

31. The Egyptians took out all of the internal organs, except the heart
The Egyptians took out all of the internal organs, except the heart. When they removed them the organs were put in canopic jars, that were put in the tomb with the mummy. They did not take out the heart because it was believed to be the intelligence and emotion of the person. The Egyptians thought the brain had no significant value, so they took it out through the nose. The body was packed and covered with natron (a salty drying agent). After this the body was left for days. 

32. Mummies

33. Egyptians wrote in hieroglyphics

34. Hieroglyphics

35. The Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta Stone is a stone with writing on it in two languages (Egyptian and Greek), using three scripts (hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek).
Jean-François Champollion deciphered hieroglyphs in 1822.
Champollion could read both Greek and coptic.
He was able to figure out what the seven demotic signs in coptic were. By looking at how these signs were used in coptic he was able to work out what they stood for. Then he began tracing these demotic signs back to hieroglyphic signs.

36. What did Egyptians write on?
Ancient Egyptians used papyrus, a substance derived from the plant of the same name

37. The Great Sphinx is located on the Giza plateau, about six miles west of Cairo.

38. The Great Sphinx & Khafre (2nd largest pyramid)

39. Egyptian economy
Although Egypt looks really sophisticated, the economy is a traditional economy based on farming and trade.
Egyptians traded up and down the Nile, with Mesopotamians and sometimes with Indus Valley (in Pakistan)

40. INNOVATIONS Number system based on 10, as well as geometry
Great astronomers
Excellent irrigation systems
Mummification
Hieroglyphic writing

41. The Arts Built huge temples and pyramids Sphinx, obelisks
Decorated tombs and temples with drawings and hieroglyphics that recorded history and depicted everyday life, as well as the pharaohs and their families

42. Indus Valley civilization

43. G:What modern day countries was the Indus Valley civ in?

44. Indus River Valley This civ is still mysterious.
The writing has not been translated.

45. Indus River civilization
We do know the cities were sophisticated enough to have brick walls surrounding them for protection against flooding from the Indus River.

46. Mohenjo Daro

47. Various artifacts found

48. Artifacts

49. Indus Economy
Just like the other river valley civs, the Indus river valley people were mostly farmers.
Traditional economy
They did trade with Chinese and with Sumerians (Mesopotamians).

50. INNOVATIONS Well-planned cities (streets at 90o angles)
Sewer systems and garbage bins
Private and public baths
Kilns for baking bricks
Public wells provided water
Written language (mostly pictographic)
[The Arayans brought the Sanskrit language when they took over]

51. THE END OF HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION
No one really knows what happened to the Harappans
Theories
Natural disaster (earthquake, floods) destroyed the cities and the people migrated to other areas
They were conquered by other people
They moved from the region for some other reason
Aryans, a nomadic people, moved into the region as Harappan civilization was declining

52. ANCIENT CHINA Great Wall Began 2000 B.C. Mandate of Heaven Dynasties
Silk
astronomy

53. As in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and along the Indus River, Chinese civilization began within a major river valley. Modern China itself is a huge geographical expanse. Around 4000 BC, this huge area contained an almost infinite number of ethnic groups and languages. This history, in which a vast area populated by diverse ethnic groups became, over time, a more or less single culture, began in the Yellow River Valley.

54. Yellow River Civilization
Ancient China was formed around the Yellow River.
The color yellow symbolized “centrality”, as in China is the center of the world.
Also called China’s Sorrow (devastating floods)
Contained by a system of dikes

55. Chinese accomplishments
During the Zhou and Shang periods, the Chinese made remarkable achievements in astronomy and bronzework, learned to make silk and create books, and developed a complex system of writing

56. Chinese Writing
Began as oracle bone script—It was etched onto turtle shells and animals bones, which were then heated until cracks would appear. By interpreting the pattern of the cracks, Shang court officials would make divinations about the future.

57. Chinese invented silk
Silk was exotic and expensive, so it was good for trading with the rest of the world.
It is made from silk worms.
Silk also makes “paper”

58. Silk worm

59. Chinese astronomy
2137 BC - Chinese book 书经 records the earliest known solar eclipse on October 22.
ca BC - Chinese determine that Jupiter needs 12 years to complete one revolution of its orbit.
ca BC - Chinese record the regularity of solar and lunar eclipses and the earliest known solar variation日珥.
ca BC - Chinese divide the sky into twenty eight regions 二十八宿 for recognitions of the stars.
ca BC - Chinese first determine the spring equinox 黄赤交角.
776 BC - Chinese make the earliest reliably record of solar eclipse.

60. In the Middle Ages the Arabs made known throughout Muslim Spain a material which was to replace all its predecessors. This was paper, whose manufacture they imported from far distant and mysterious realm of China. The first paper appeared in China about 200 BC. Its name is derived from papyrus. Silk was transformed into paper by a process of pasting, but because silk was expensive, wool and cotton came to be used instead. This invention was attributed to Ts'ai Lun. In the picture above, the manufacturing process used by the Chinese. They steeped mulberry or bamboo bark in water, then kneaded it to produce a paste from which they obtained smooth thin sheets of paper.
                                                                                                                                                                          

61. Ancient China

62. Chinese pyramids!!!!

63. The Great Wall of China was built to keep northern nomads out.

64. Many died building it, and their bodies were used as filler for it.

65. INNOVATIONS Skilled metal workers Silk Mirrors
Weapons made of bronze
Bronze ceremonial vessels
Silk
Mirrors
Fireworks/gunpowder (later dynasties)

66. The Arts Unique architecture Decorated pottery
Pictographic writing (5000 characters)

67. Civilization in the Americas 2 Main Centers:
Mexico / Central America The Andes Mountains
(with extension into N. America)

68. In Mexico / C. America: CORN, manioc→ (support large population)
In isolation from the “Old World” (Eastern Hemisphere), a
different set of elements of a civilization emerged:
(1) Agriculture, ca B.C.E.
In Mexico / C. America: CORN, manioc→
(support large population)
In the Andes: potatoes
(Corn was eventually imported from
C. America).
(2) Non-alphabetic writing in Mexico /
C. America; no writing in Andes
(3) No wheel
(4) Not many metal weapons
(5) Monumental stone architecture

69. MEXICO / CENTRAL AMERICA: OLMECS
I. Foundational civilization:
OLMECS, ca B.C.E.
A. Irrigation for corn
B. Writing
C. Cities as h.q. of ruling elite and centers of religious ritual
Mass of population live outside cities, farm crops from which rulers take tribute.
D. Monumental stone architecture--Stone heads
E. Ball Game orginates

70. Ball Court in Monte Alban
THE BALL GAME
Ball Court in Monte Alban

71. The Great Pyramid at La Venta

72. Olmec stone heads
Features fuel speculation that Olmec ancestors may have come from Polynesia.

73. THE ANDES—The CHAVIN
Foundational civilization: Chavín in Peru, ca BC
A. Administrative / religious
cities supported by crop-
growing peasantry (as in
Mexico / C. America)

74. B. Terraced agriculture
C. Potatoes,
eventually corn (imported
from Mexico / C. America)
Peruvian potatoes

75. Chavín
cultural capital, Chavín de Huanter, was at the intersection of diverse ecological zones which provided it economic advantage over rivals
llamas, only beasts of burden in Americas, facilitated trade
The evidence suggests that increased warfare led to the fall of Chavín around 200 BCE.

76. Chavin Textile of Earth Goddess

77. Quipu--an accounting device based on ropes and knots
Quipu--an accounting device based on ropes and knots. Some think it was also used to encode spoken language.

78. Stone architecture, feline deity

79. Chavin vessel depicting a jaguar