1. Research…
Each student should pick from the following list of disorders to research & answer the questions on the worksheet. Be prepared to share with the class.
Bells Palsy
Cerebral Palsy
Multiple Sclerosis
Parkinson’s Disease
Huntington’s Disease
Tay-Sach’s
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gherig’s Disease)
Epilepsy
Meningitis
Alzheimer’s Disease
Muscular Distrophy
Any other nervous disorder you may find on the internet!

2. Do Now
What did you learn from your skin sensitivity lab?

3. The Nervous System
Chapter 9

5. Objectives To identify the basic structure of a neuron.
To explain the main components of the nervous system.
To compare and contrast the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
To differentiate between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

6. Nervous System
Think back to when we talked about nervous tissue. What is it’s function? How does it go about doing this?
General Functions:
Sensory (detect change)
Integrative (make sense of it)
Motor (cause a response)

7. Structure of a Neuron Neuron= Nerve Cell
Reacts to physical/chemical changes in surroundings
Transmit information through nerve impulses to other neurons and other cells.

8. Structure of a Neuron

9. CNS vs. PNS CNS (Central Nervous System):
Brain
Spinal Cord
PNS (Peripheral Nervous System):
Cranial nerves
Spinal Nerves

10. PNS Contains a sensory division and a motor division.
Contains sensory receptors that convert info into a nerve impulse and transmit it back to the CNS to make sense of it.
Monitors environmental changes such as light and sound
Detects changes in homeostasis ( ex: temperature, oxygen level)

11. Motor Division
Utilize peripheral neurons to carry impulses from the CNS to an effector which will cause a response
Ex: muscle contraction, gland secretion, etc.

12. Motor Division Somatic Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System:
Controls skeletal muscle and voluntary movement.
Autonomic Nervous System:
Controls effectors that are involuntary
Ex: heart, smooth muscle, certain glands

13. Lets put that all together…

14. Do Now What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?
Name as many parts of a neuron that you can remember.
What are the 3 main functions of the nervous system?
What are the 2 motor divisions?
What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

15. Objectives
To identify and explain the 3 different structures of neurons.
To compare and contrast sensory, motor, and interneurons and explain a general pathway.
To determine the functions of the 5 types of neuroglia.

16. Autonomic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
“Rest and Digest”- normal state
Salivation
Sexual arousal
Lacrimation
Urination
Digestion
Defication
Sympathetic Nervous System
“fight or flight”- triggered under stress
Accelerated breathing & heart rate (increases blood flow)
Inhibition or slowing of digestion
Pupils Dilate
Tunnel vision
Increased muscle tension for extra strength & speed

17. Lets Review…
General Neuron structure and action potential

18. Types of Neurons Multipolar: Many processes stemming from cell body.
*most neurons in brain and spinal cord are multipolar

19. Types of Neurons Bipolar: Only two processes (one at each end)
*found in eyes, nose, ears..

20. Types of Neurons Unipolar:
One single process extending from cell body.
one side of axon is the peripheral process associated with body part, other side is the central process that enters brain or spinal cord.
*most common type
Involved in pain, touch, proprioception, and visceral organ activity

21. Types of Neurons

22. Neuron Classification
Sensory Neurons (afferent):
Carry impulses from PNS to CNS
Contain “receptor ends” at the tips of dendrites
Changes outside the body stimulate receptor ends triggering an impulse
*Most are unipolar

23. Neuron Classification
Interneurons (association):
Completely in brain or spinal cord
Link neurons together.
Direct impulses to appropriate parts for processing and interpreting
*multipolar

24. Neuron Classification
Motor Neurons (efferent):
carry impulses out of brain or spinal cord to the effector and stimulate response.
*multipolar

25. General Pathway

26. Neuroglial Cells
*More numerous than neurons, support neurons in different ways.
Microglial Cells:
Phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris
Oligodendrocytes:
Provide insulating layers of myelin
Astrocytes:
Provide structural support
join parts (ex: neuron→capillary)
help regulate concentrations of nutrients and ions
Form scar tissue in the CNS
Ependymal Cells:
Forms membrane that covers specialized brain parts and forms inner linings within the brain and spinal canal
Schwann cells:
Forms myelin sheath around axons.

27. Myelin A lipid that sometimes coats axons
White matter = myelinated axons in CNS
Gray matter = cell bodies in CNS
Produced by some neuroglial cells
Insulates neurons & increases efficiency of nerve impulses

28. Neuroglial Cells

30. Reflex Arc
Ordinarily, a receptor sends a signal to the brain where the brain coordinates a response.
Reflex: a rapid action that happens without thought and does not involve the brain
Reflex Arc: The simplest nerve pathway resulting in reflex behavior

31. Reflex Arc Receptor- sense organ in skin, muscle, or other organ
Sensory Neuron- carries impulse towards CNS from receptor
Interneuron- carries impulse within CNS
Motor Neuron- carries impulse away from CNS to effector
Effector- structure by which animal responds (muscle, gland, etc).

32. Reflex Arc

33. Types of Reflexes

34. Babinski Reflex