1. DO NOW! Turn in the following items from your homework:
Answers from video reading
Keep your chapter 1 notes or reading guide. I will walk around and check them as you work
Pick up the papers on the table
Begin to work individually on the ½ sheet on the Jared Diamond reading

2. From Human Prehistory to the Early Civilizations

3. Paleolithic Age- Old Stone Age
Homo Erectus
Homo Sapiens Sapiens= wise beings
Characteristics of Homo Sapiens
Simple tool use
Use of fire
Development of culture- system of beliefs to explain environment and social behavior

4. Spread of human species over the earth’s surface

5. Why do People Migrate? Push/Pull Factors
Push Factor- Reasons people to move from the region they live in
Examples: water source dries up, natural disaster, war, no economic opportunity, political repression
Pull Factor- Attracts people to move to a certain place
Examples: better farm land, better jobs, stable government

6. Neolithic Age- New Stone Age
Major developments- development of Agriculture and cities
Why did Agriculture develop?
Need- population increase from end of ice age meant people had to be more creative about finding food
Hunting yield declined with end of ice age

7. Hunter Gatherers Nomadic Limited to what could be carried
Yields less food, no surplus
More variety in diet; healthier
Children spaced four years apart
Less disease from sparse populations and no domesticated animals
No formal government or social structure
Egalitarian- no social structure, gender inequality
Less development of technology

8. What’s So Great About Agriculture?
Ability to settle in one place and focus on economic, political, and religious goals
Population increase
Domesticated animals could be used for food and clothing
Greater wealth led to specialization and in turn inventions
Note- hunting-and-gathering people couldn’t compete and often died off from diseases from agricultural societies

9. Farmers Began around 11,000 BCE
Ability to farm and domesticate animals
Had food surpluses which could be stored
More dependent on crops, less biodiversity, less healthy
Shorter birth interval
Dense population
More disease due to contact with domesticated animals
Humans begin to claim territories and not share
Eventually leads to cities

10. Need for authority; governments, armies, laws
Need for priests
Specialization in jobs
Writing
Social stratification and social status
Inequality between men and women
Fewer people live the good life
More technology
Produced “civilizations”

11. Spread of Agriculture

12. World Population Time World Population 10,000 BCE 4 million

13. Bronze Age Began in the Middle East about 4000 BCE
Metal tools allowed farmers to work more efficiently
Allowed for more specialization
Better weapons
Increased knowledge of metals and metalworking

14. What is a Civilization?
"society with enough economic surplus to form divisions of labor and social heirarchy"
could have more complex political structure
 writing 
could have cities
Civilizations really date only to 3500 BCE
Characteristics of early civilizations
writing
formal codes of law
city planning
institutions for trade (incl. money)

15. Early Civilizations
Catal Huyuk- Neolithic village in southern Turkey around 7000 BCE.
religious structures
stable economy and trade
some specialization in trade

16. Tigris-Euphrates Civilization
Middle East
developed from scratch  -  did not imitate
Sumerians developed cuneiform (first known case of writing)
made developments in math and science to better farm
developed complex religious rituals and towers of worship called ziggurats
politcal organization- city-state ruled by a king who claimed divine authority
evolution of slavery
region was difficult to defend and eventually succombed to the Akkadians and then the Babylonians
Babylonians extended the civilization and the famous King Hammurabi introduced the first early code of law, Hammurabi's code
invasions of hunting and herding groups common

17. Egyptian Civilization
formed by 3000 BCE in northern Africa
Egypt able to maintain unified state because of location
Pharoah had immense power
Government directed economy more
architecture-  pyramids
While science and writing not as developed as in the Tigris-Euphrates civilization, math and art more advanced 

18. Harrapan Civilization
2500 BCE along the Indus River-  Harrapa and Mohenjo Daro
developed distinctive writing and art
some trading contacts with Mesopotamia
architecture- houses had running water

19. Huanghe Civilization 2500-2000 BCE developed in considerable isolation
carefully organized state
regulated flooding of the yellow river
advanced technology
elaborate intellectual life, including writing and astronomy
By 1500, Shang ruled the region 

20. The Olmec in Central America
2500s BCE- 400s CE
Not in a river valley
Exceptional wealth, technical efficiency
Artistic creativity (colossal heads, jade carvings)
Little evidence of war/violence
Laid foundations for calendars, writing, systems, math

21. Chavin in South America
900 BCE – 250 BCE
Not in a river valley, but in a mountain and diffused over large area (pol. Organized)
Had llama to help with food and transport
Metallurgy, high quality textiles
Religion spread to Mesoamerica (jaguars, snakes, hawks, eagles)

22. Olmec and Chavin Art

23. Heritage of the River Valley Civilizations
architecture art wheel basic mathematics concepts divisions of time alphabets and writing