1. The Path to World War I

2. Traditional European Rules of War
A country must declare war before attacking another country.
Each side must wear uniforms or identify themselves to each other before attacking. Soldiers wearing an enemy uniform will be shot as a spy.
Commanding officers should not be targeted
Civilians, Surrendering Soldiers & Medical Personnel will not be attacked.
Hand to Hand combat is honorable, shooting from a distance is cowardly
Soldiers must be given the opportunity to surrender honorably.

3. The four MAIN causes of WWI

4. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures
Militarism
a policy of aggressive military preparedness; the belief that a country should use military methods & forces to gain power & to achieve its goals
Increase in Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%

5. England, France, Russia, United States, Italy, Serbia, Belgium,
ALLIANCES A group of people or countries that are joined together in some activity or effort The Two Sides
Triple Entente
England
France
Russia
Allied Powers
England, France, Russia, United States, Italy, Serbia, Belgium,
Triple Alliance
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
Central Powers
Ottoman Empire

6. CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I

7. Leaders Triple Alliance Triple Entente Kaiser Wilhelm II (Germany)
Franz Joseph I
(Austria-Hungary)
Vittorio Orlando
(Italy)
Triple Entente
David Lloyd George
(England)
Raymond Poincare
(France)
Czar Nicholas II (Russia)

8. IMPERIALISM: a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force
Triple Entente
France: Vietnam, Parts of Africa
England: Africa, Australia, Hong Kong, India, Canada, S. America
Triple Alliance
Germany: Africa, Parts of Asia

9. Europe in 1914

10. Aggressive Nationalism
An extreme form of patriotism, especially marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries.

11. The “Powder Keg” of Europe
The Balkan Peninsula, 1914
The “Powder Keg” of Europe
Pan-Slavism: defending the rights of people with similar backgrounds

12. Short-Term Cause
June 28th 1914
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

13. Who Declared War on Whom?
TWELVE DECLARATIONS OF WAR IN 3 WEEKS
July 28: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
Aug. 1: Germany & Russia declare war on each other
Aug. 3: Germany & France declare war on each other
Aug. 4: Germany declares war on Belgium, Great Britain declares war on Germany
Aug. 6: Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia, Serbia declares war on Germany
Aug. 12:  Great Britain  & France declare war on Austria-Hungary
Aug. 22: Austria-Hungary declares war on Belgium

14. By the end of 1914, not only Europe was at war, but also all of Europe’s colonies in Asia, Africa and South America.

15. The Schlieffen Plan Made in 1905
The operational plan for an attack on France once Russia had started to mobilize her forces near the German border.
The execution of the Schlieffen Plan led to Britain declaring war on Germany on August 4th, 1914.
The plan was to rush into the country as fast as possible.

16. The Schlieffen Plan – Key Points
Germany goes through Belgium to get into France.
Germany would defeat France in 6 weeks.
Germany would then use modernized rail system to move troops from the French operation to the Russian front.
Russia would then be attacked and defeated (no plan for how).
What could go wrong?
Transportation
Communication
Supplies

17. Weaknesses of Shlieffen Plan
INFLEXIBLE
Not enough trained reserve troops to replace wounded
Counted on reliable transportation
Mistakes & delays not accounted for
Counted on good communication
It assumed that Russia would need six weeks to mobilize & wouldn’t be ready (they were already starting to do so).
Did not have support of all of German army
It assumed that Germany could defeat France in less than six weeks but had no back-up plan if that didn’t happen

18. Trench Warfare
Both sides dug long trenches that faced each other. The trenches ran for miles.
From time to time, one side would attempt to cross the “No-Man’s Land” the area in between the trenches. Joyeux Noel
Trench warfare made WWI extend from a few months of fighting to four years of fighting

25. Technology: Chemical Weapons
WWI was the first major war to use chemical weapons.
Mustard Gas and Chlorine Gas were the two most popular weapons: They caused suffocation, blindness, and death
On April 22, 1915, German forces shock Allied soldiers along the western front by firing more than 150 tons of chlorine gas against two French colonial divisions at Ypres, Belgium. This was the first major gas attack by the Germans, and it devastated the Allied line.

29. Technology: The U-boat (Submarine)
Germany’s secret weapon during the war
They sank dozens of British ships, controlled the oceans.

30. Why would the British think the U-boat was breaking the rules of War ?

31. Technology: Airpower
Both sides used aircraft for observation, limited bombing, and air battles
Airplanes were slow, clumsy, and unreliable,
The most famous German pilot was Baron von Richthofen (The Red Baron)

33. Technology: Tanks

34. Technology: Tanks

35. Technology: Flame Throwers

36. Battles on the Western Front: Germans, Austria-Hungarians vs
Battles on the Western Front: Germans, Austria-Hungarians vs. French, British and later Americans
Battle of Ypres, October-November, 1914
First use of toxic gas
The first of 5 battles in the municipality
Battle of Verdun , February – December, 1916
Ten months long
French and German armies.
Toxic gas and flame guns used
Estimated 540,000 French and 430,000 German casualties
No strategic advantages were gained for either side.
Led to the creation of the Maginot Line
Battle of Somme, July – November, 1916
English (Candadians, Newfoundlander,s Australian, New Zealanders, Indians) and French vs Germany
- British lost 58,000 men on the first day
Six months of fighting
Five miles of advancement for Allies
1 million men killed

37. Ypres Ruins, 1919

38. Battles on the Eastern Front
Russians and Serbs vs. Germans and Austria-Hungarians
War more mobile but still a stalemate
Russia’s disadvantages
Not Industrialized
Short on Supplies
Russia’s advantage
People
Battle of Tannenberg:
August First major eastern battle.
Russia was badly defeated and pushed back.
Russia lost millions of men against Germany, undersupplied, under gunned

39. Other Fronts Japan, Australia, India join Allies
Ottoman Turks, Bulgaria join Central Powers
Gallipoli Campaign in the Ottoman Empire, April January, 1916
Gallipoli Peninsula, Turkey
Allies fail in attempt to open the Dardanelles
Combined naval/army operation
Only 2 of 5 landings successful
Casualties-250,000 British, 34,000 ANZAC, 47,000 French, 250,000 Turkish
Battles occur in Africa and Asia for Colonial Possessions