1. Plant Reproduction/Propagation

2. Learning Objectives Plant Reproduction/Propagation
Develop an understanding of plant genetics
Contrast mitosis and meiosis and explain the significance of each
Explain the importance of plant breeding
Hypothesize the future influence of biotechnology on the plant industry
Evaluate the significance of sexual propagation of plants
Assess the effectiveness of various types of asexual propagation of plants
Defend the need for Germplasm

3. Develop an Understanding of Plant Genetics
Genes control plant traits
Phenotype refers to physical characteristics
Genotype refers to genetic makeup
Chromosomes and genes separate during meiosis and resulting gamete contains one gene for each characteristic (haploid)
Genes are recombined after pollination (become diploid)

4. Contrast Mitosis and Meiosis and Explain the Significance of Each
Makes more genetically identical cells
Nucleus divides once
2 diploid cells (2n)
Number of chromosomes remains the same
Four Phases
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Occurs only during asexual reproduction
The basic process of vegetative growth
Plants resulting are genetically identical to parents
Makes gametes
Nucleus divides twice
4 haploid cells (1n)
Reduces the number of chromosomes by half
Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate once while the cell divides twice
Two major phases
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Occurs during sexual reproduction and only in flowers

5. Contrast Mitosis and Meiosis and Explain the Significance of Each
Compare Mitosis and Meiosis
Contrast Mitosis and Meiosis

6. Explain the Importance of Plant Breeding
When reproduction is deliberately controlled and manipulated, it becomes plant propagation
Plants can be bred to have certain desired characteristics

7. Evaluate the Significance of Sexual Propagation of Plants
Sexual Reproduction
Requires the fusion of two sex cells (gametes)
Forms a cell with two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
Advantages
Less expensive than asexual propagation techniques
Many plants can be produced quickly
Genetic crosses result in hybrid vigor
Avoids passing on some diseases

8. Assess the Effectiveness of Various Types of Asexual Propagation of Plants
Asexual Reproduction
Uses a part or parts of plants of only one parent plant
Resulting plant is genetically identical to the parent plant
Also known as vegetative propagation
Advantages
Less time is required to produce a salable plant
Plants are genetically identical
The only way to reproduce some plant varieties

9. Assess the Effectiveness of Various Types of Asexual Propagation of Plants
Runners
Stems that grow along the ground and form new plants at their nodes
Stolons
Aerial shoots that take root after coming into contact with the soil
Layering
Roots develop on a stem that is still attached to the parent plant
Grafting
Joining the upper portion of a plant with the lower portion of another plant and fusing them together to become a single plant
Cuttings
Pieces of root, leaves, or stems that are removed from parent plant and placed in an environment that promotes development into total plants
Tissue Culturing
Repro of plants from tiny pieces of plant organs; newest propagation technique

10. Defend the Need for Germplasm
Plant Germplasm
Living tissue from which new plants can be grown
Seed, leaf, piece of stem, a few cells
Contains the genetic information for the plants hereditary makeup
Needed to preserve the genetic diversity of plants