1. The Rise of
Big Business

2. Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,
The New Colossus
Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,
With conquering limbs astride from land to land;
Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand
A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame
Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name
Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand
Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes
command
The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.
"Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she
With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,
I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

3. Fighting for Profits What did a business look like before this time?
Run by family or one person.
This meant that no business could grow bigger than one family’s ability to invest in it or run it.
Businesses were local, buying and selling to people living nearby.
What did a business look like after this time?
Railroads provided businesses with access to raw materials and customers farther away.
Expansion of businesses and the amount of people responsible for running it.

5. Corporations A number of people share the ownership of a business
Developed by investors.
If a corp. experiences economic problems, the investors lose no more that they had originally invested.
A corp. can buy or sell property, and it could sue.
If a person leaves a group, the others could buy out what they invested.
Accessible to large amounts of capital, which allowed them to fund new technology.
Aided by railroads and telegraph, they could operate in different regions.

7. Monopoly Investors maximized profits by:
Paying low wages
Paying minimum for raw materials
Advertising
Monopoly = complete control of a product or service.
This allows the controller to set prices.
Cartel = corporations work together to eliminate competition.
The allies agree to limit production and keep prices high.

8. Monopoly Cornelius Vanderbilt John D. Rockefeller
Railroad tycoon
Got his competitors to pay him to relocate to minimize competition.
John D. Rockefeller
Oil tycoon
Made deals with railroads.
Trust = Group of separate companies that are placed under the control of a single managing board in order to form a monopoly.

10. Monopoly Andrew Carnegie
Steel tycoon
Controlled many different businesses that made up all phases of a product’s development.
Consumers, workers, and the federal government believed that systems like trusts, cartels, and monopolies were unfair.
Most small businesses were bought out or put out of business.
Consumers hated the high prices.

11. Monopoly
“Robber Barons” = shrewd capitalists who took advantage and swindled the poor.
The majority of these men were philanthropic, establishing universities, museums, and libraries.

12. Social Darwinism Charles Darwin- biologist
Believed in survival of the fittest.
Wealth was a measure of a person’s inherent value and those who had it were the ‘most fit’.

13. Regulations
1887- U.S. Senate created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to oversee railroad operations.
Set up to monitor business operations.
It required the railroads to send their records to Congress so that it could initiate investigations of unfairness.
1890- Sherman Antitrust Act
Outlawed any trust that operated “in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states”.

14. Labor Force Distribution 1870-1900

15. The Changing American Labor Force

16. Child Labor

17. Child Labor

18. “Galley Labor”

19. Labor Unrest:

20. The Molly Maguires (1875)
James McParland

21. The Corporate “Bully-Boys”: Pinkerton Agents

22. Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor “scabs”
P. R. campaign
Pinkertons
lockout
blacklisting
yellow-dog contracts
court injunctions
open shop
boycotts
sympathy demonstrations
informational picketing
closed shops
organized strikes
“wildcat” strikes

23. A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

24. An injury to one is the concern of all!
Knights of Labor
Terence V. Powderly
An injury to one is the concern of all!

25. Knights of Labor trade card

26. Goals of the Knights of Labor
Eight-hour workday.
Workers’ cooperatives.
Worker-owned factories.
Abolition of child and prison labor.
Increased circulation of greenbacks.
Equal pay for men and women.
Safety codes in the workplace.
Prohibition of contract foreign labor.
Abolition of the National Bank.

27. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

28. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

29. The Tournament of Today: A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly

30. Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in 1886

31. McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.
Haymarket Riot (1886)
McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

32. Haymarket Martyrs

33. Governor John Peter Altgeld

34. The American Federation of Labor: 1886
Samuel Gompers

35. How the AF of L Would Help the Workers
Catered to the skilled worker.
Represented workers in matters of national legislation.
Maintained a national strike fund.
Evangelized the cause of unionism.
Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.
Mediated disputes between management and labor.
Pushed for closed shops.

36. Homestead Steel Strike (1892)
Homestead Steel Works
The Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers

37. Big Corporate Profits!

38. Attempted Assassination!
Henry Clay Frick
Alexander Berkman

39. A “Company Town”:
Pullman, IL

40. Pullman Cars
A Pullman porter

41. The Pullman Strike of 1894

42. President Grover Cleveland
If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card will be delivered!

43. Government by injunction!
The Pullman Strike of 1894
Government by injunction!

44. The Socialists
Eugene V. Debs

45. International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)

46. “Big Bill” Haywood of the IWW
Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.

47. I W W & the Internationale

48. The Hand That Will Rule the World One Big Union

49. Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel”
Mary Harris.
Organizer for the United Mine Workers.
Founded the Social Democratic Party in 1898.
One of the founding members of the I. W. W. in 1905.

50. Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912

51. The “Bread & Roses” Strike
DEMANDS:
15¢/hr. wage increase.
Double pay for overtime.
No discrimination against strikers.
An end to “speed-up” on the assembly line.
An end to discrimination against foreign immigrant workers.

52. Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912

53. The “Formula”
unions + violence + strikes + socialists + immigrants = anarchists

54. Labor Union Membership

55. “Solidarity Forever!” by Ralph Chapin (1915)
When the union's inspiration through the workers‘ blood shall run, There can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun; Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one, But the union makes us strong!
CHORUS: Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, For the union makes us strong!

56. Come On and Sing Along!!

57. “Solidarity Forever!”
Is there aught we hold in common with the greedy parasite, Who would lash us into serfdom and would crush us with his might? Is there anything left to us but to organize and fight? For the union makes us strong!
CHORUS: Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, For the union makes us strong!

58. “Solidarity Forever!”
* * * * Through our sisters and our brothers we can make our union strong, For respect and equal value, we have done without too long. We no longer have to tolerate injustices and wrongs, Yes, the union makes us strong!
CHORUS: Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, Solidarity forever, For the union makes us strong!

59. Workers Benefits Today

60. The Rise & Decline of Organized Labor

61. Right-to-Work States Today

62. Unionism & Globalization?