1. Cardiovascular System

2. Functions of the Cardiovascular System
Transport nutrients and O2 to body
Transport waste from cells to kidneys for excretion
Distribute hormones & antibodies
Help control body temp
Help maintain homeostasis

3. Types of Circulation
Pulmonary: Right side of heart pumps O2 poor blood to lungs where CO2 exchanged for O2
Systemic: Left side of heart pumps O2 rich blood to body
Hepatic: blood from intestines, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, spleen through liver to remove toxins from blood

4. Heart Structures Heart: hollow muscular organ 4 chambers
In thoracic cavity between lungs
Tilted slightly to left
Contains own blood supply

5. Heart Structures Atria Two upper chambers of the heart
R atrium receives low oxygenated blood from body
L atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs

6. Heart Structures Ventricles Lower chambers of heart Pumping chambers
Pump under high pressure

7. Heart Structures Myocardial Septum
Separating wall or partition of heart chambers in right and left halves

8. Heart Valves Atrioventricular Tricuspid valve Mitral or bicuspid valve
between right atrium and right ventricle
Mitral or bicuspid valve
between left atrium and left ventricle

9. Heart Valves Semilunar Pulmonary valve Aortic valve
Between right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Aortic valve
Between left ventricle and aorta

10. Heart Structures Pericardium Double membrane covering heart
Outer fibrous layer
Inner watery layer-epicardium
Provides protection

11. Heart Structures Myocardium Endocardium Muscular Pumps blood
Smooth inner layer
Prevents damage to blood cells

12. Path of Blood Through Heart
Low O2 blood from body to superior & inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary arteries
Lungs
O2 blood from lungs
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Body

13. How the Heart Contracts
Sinoatrial nodes (SA node)
Natural pacemaker
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers
Surround ventricles
Causes contractions
Normal heart rate: beats per minute (bpm)

14. Main Blood Vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

15. Circulation Arteries Carry blood AWAY from the heart
Largest artery: Aorta
Carry O2 blood except for pulmonary arteries
Muscular layers withstand high pressure
Divide into smaller branches called arterioles which connect to capillaries

16. Circulation Capillaries Connect arterioles and venules
Smallest vessels-one cell thick
Allows exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products

17. Circulation Veins Carry blood to heart
Largest: superior & inferior vena cava
Carry low oxygenated blood except for pulmonary veins
Branch into smaller venules
Have one way valves to prevent back flow of blood

18. Assessment Techniques
Measuring pulse and blood pressure
Listening to heart sounds
Determining cardiac output
Measuring muscle activity with electrocardiography
Inserting a cardiac catheter
Using echocardiography

19. Pulse
The pressure of the blood pushing against the wall of an artery as the heart beats and rests
More easily felt in arteries that lie close to skin and pressed against bone

20. Pulse Points Temporal-temple Carotid-neck-emergencies
Brachial-inner aspect of elbow-B/P
Radial-wrist-most common site for pulse
Femoral-groin
Popliteal-knee
Pedal-top of foot

21. Pulse Rates Noted as number beats per minute
Varies due to age, sex, body size
Adult:
Men:
Women:
Children
>7:
1-7:
Infants:

22. Factors Affecting Pulse Rate
Increased rates:
Exercise/excitement
Stimulant drugs
Shock
Nervous tension
Decreased rates:
Sleep
Depressant drugs
Heart disease
Coma

23. Blood Pressure Force of blood against walls of arteries
Systolic pressure:
When heart contracts
Normal range:
Diastolic pressure:
When heart relaxed
Normal range: <100
Written as fraction:
Systolic over diastolic
Normal: <120/80 mmHg

24. Individual Factors Influencing B/P
Increase:
Excitement, anxiety, nervous tension
Stimulant drugs
Exercise and eating
Decrease:
Rest or sleep
Depressant drugs
Excessive blood loss