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2. Blood movement within the four-chambered heart of vertebrates
return from body
…to body
…to lung
…from lung
semilunar valve
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semilunar valve
mitral valve
tricuspid valve
Note: arteries take blood away from the heart…veins return to heart
The difference is NOT about whether the blood is oxygenated or not!

3. 2 1 DUB!! 3 4 Atria contract: ventricles filled, valves close
Heart relaxes: atria filled by system pressure 1 2
LUB
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DUB!!
Ventricles contract: blood sent to lungs and body
Heart relaxes: system pressure closes valves 3 4

4. The sounds are the slamming of valves…contraction is silent!
initial instrinsic stimulus from “pacemaker”
atrial contraction
“LUB”
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and Purkinje fibers
ventricular contraction
“DUB”
Frog Lab Exercise: neural and intrinsic control
The sounds are the slamming of valves…contraction is silent!

5. ventricular depolarization ventricle contraction atrial depolarization
An electrocardiogram (EKG): the electrical changes recorded from electrodes attached to the skin reveal the electrical activity of the heart.
See Fig pg 922
ventricular depolarization
ventricle relaxation
Electrical Potential (mV)
Blood Pressure (mm Hg)
ventricular release
ventricle contraction
ventricle filling
atrial depolarization
In abnormal heart behavior, this recording may reveal where trouble spots exist within the heart’s electrical controls.

6. Comparative structure of blood vessels
See Fig pg 918
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High Pressure
Low Pressure
Exchange
Which of these has the greatest surface to volume ratio?

7. artery vein smooth muscle less smooth muscle no valves
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vein
smooth muscle
no valves
less smooth muscle
valves significant

8. Veins in valves: “check valves” prevent back flow during heart cycles:
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Pressure Pulse
Pressure Subsides
Valves prevent backflow
abnormal valve
during atrial contraction
“varicose veins”

9. Blood clotting (thrombosis) in a veinule
blood flow
no flow
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thrombus
A thrombus that breaks free and moves through the rest of the circulation system is called a thromboembolus and can lodge in other areas of the body resulting in pulmonary (lung) embolism, stroke (brain), or myocardial (heart) infarction.

10. Atheroschloersis: “hardening of the arteries”
Normal artiole
Arteriole occluded with fatty plaque
Blood flow will be restricted, oxygenation will be reduced.
Even a small group of cells could completely cut off the flow (myocardial infarction).
plaque
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11. Blood pressure varies with distance from heart
See Fig pg 923
BP is usually measured in the radial artery
aorta
arteries
systolic pressure
120
100 80 60 40 20
When a sphygmomanometer gives a result of 120/80 mm Hg, it is interpreted as close to normal for men.
arterioles
mean pressure
diastolic pressure
Blood pressure (mm Hg)
capillaries
veinules
veins
vena cava
Distance traveled by blood from left ventricle

12. Distance travelled by blood from left ventricle
Flow rate in blood vessels in a circulation system
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Vena cava
Aorta
Arteries
50-
40-
30-
20-
10-
-5,000
-4,000
-3,000
-2,000
-1,000
Velocity (cm/sec)
Cross-sectional Area (cm2)
Distance travelled by blood from left ventricle
Branching explains why you don’t get the “thumb on the hose nozzle” effect

13. Frog foot webbing capillaries come close to each body cell
Human capillaries are only wide enough for one RBC to pass
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14. Capillary walls are a single endothelial cell joined at edges
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pinocytosis (vesicular transport) brings materials through capillary wall

15. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) and White Blood Cells
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16. Figure page 985
Figure page 989

17. Iron is a macroelement for vertebrates!
Oxygen is bound to hemoglobin at the chelation site of iron (Fe) in heme:
H3C HC
CH2 C C
notice the resonating bond system to help trap the oxygen molecule in large electron cloud HC CH C C N C
O=O .. C
H3C C C
CH3 N Fe N
H2C C C CH
CH2 C C N
CH2 HC C C CH
COOH C C
CH2
CH3
CH2
COOH
Iron is a macroelement for vertebrates!

18. Gas exchanges at the blood-tissue interface
CO2 O2
tissue cell cytosol
CO2
CO2
+ H2O
HCO H+
capillary plasma
red blood cell
CO2
+ H2O
HCO3- + H+
H+ + HbO2
HHb + O2
CO2 + HbO2
HbCO2 + O2

19. circulation direction
CO2
CO2 O2
H2O
HbO2
HbO2
HbO2
H2O
CO2
CO2
H2O
HbO2
HCO3- H+
HbO2
lungs
HCO3- H+
tissues
HHb
HCO3-
HHb
HHb
HCO3-
HCO3- O2 O2 O2 O2

20. Dissociation curves for hemoglobin explain oxygen exchange
100 80 60 40 20
Unloading to tissues at normal pH
circulation
Normal blood pH
Percent saturation of Hb with O2
Exercise
Rest
Lungs
Oxygen partial pressure (mm Hg)

21. Dissociation curves for hemoglobin explain oxygen exchange
100 80 60 40 20
Unloading to tissues at normal pH
Oxygen unloaded at low pH (high CO2)
circulation
Low blood pH
Normal blood pH
Percent saturation of Hb with O2
Exercise
Rest
Lungs
Oxygen partial pressure (mm Hg)

22. Percent saturation of Hb with O2
A placental mammal fetus has fetal hemoglobin with higher affinity for oxygen than the mother’s hemoglobin in the placenta
100 80 60 40 20
Unloading to fetal tissues
transfer of oxygen from maternal to fetal hemoglobin in the placenta
Percent saturation of Hb with O2
Fetus
Mother
Oxygen partial pressure (mm Hg)
Myoglobin in tissues has higher oxygen affinity than hemoglobin

23. Human and Maternal/Fetal circulation
capillary bed
shunts away from lungs
artery or vein?
artery
or vein?
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artery or vein?
artery or vein?
arterioles
artery
veinules
capillary bed
Note: What kind of circulation is shown in placenta?

24. Percent saturation of Hb with O2
The mammal body tissues possess myoglobin, which has an even higher affinity for oxygen:
See Fig pg. 915
100 80 60 40 20
Unloading to fetal tissue myoglobin
transfer of oxygen from maternal to fetal hemoglobin in the placenta
Percent saturation of Hb with O2
Fetus
Mother
Oxygen partial pressure (mm Hg)
Myoglobin in tissues has higher oxygen affinity than hemoglobin

25. Circulation system in mammal (Homo sapiens)
gas exchange
muscular pump
glucose control
blood cell replacement
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nitrogenous waste
absorbing nutrients
gas exchange
nutrient exchange