1. “Dreamers”- Siegfried Sassoon

2. Context
World War I marked the end of an era for Europe. After Napoleon's surrender in 1815, the continent had entered a century of relative peace, with conflicts taken up abroad by small-scale, professional armies. The renewal of conflict in was met with confidence and nationalism on all sides.

3. War before World War I
When can their glory fade? O the wild charge they made! All the world wonder'd. Honour the charge they made! Honour the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred!
--Alfred, Lord Tennyson, “The Charge of the Light Brigade”

5. War after WWI
We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields.
John McCrae, “In Flanders Fields”

6. War after World War II

7. “Dreamers” by Siegfried Sassoon
Soldiers are citizens of death's grey land,
Drawing no dividend from time's to-morrows.
In the great hour of destiny they stand,
Each with his feuds, and jealousies, and sorrows.
Soldiers are sworn to action; they must win
Some flaming, fatal climax with their lives.
Soldiers are dreamers; when the guns begin
They think of firelit homes, clean beds and wives.

8. I see them in foul dug-outs, gnawed by rats,
And in the ruined trenches, lashed with rain,
Dreaming of things they did with balls and bats,
And mocked by hopeless longing to regain
Bank-holidays, and picture shows, and spats,
And going to the office in the train.

9. The technology of WWI
Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori-- “It is sweet and honorable to die for one's country”
During World War I, new technologies brought unprecedented dangers to soldiers and civilians alike. Machine guns and tanks killed more efficiently and caused considerably more destruction than previous weapons.

10. Chemicals such as mustard gas, chlorine, and phosphorous poisoned and maimed troops. Mortars, which fired shells more than half a mile, decimated fighting forces and civilian centers. For the first time in the history of warfare, entire companies of soldiers could be destroyed before they caught sight of their enemies.

12. “Dulce et Decorum Est”-- Wilfred Owen
Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,
Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,
Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs,
And towards our distant rest began to trudge.
Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots,
But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind;
Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots
Of gas-shells dropping softly behind.

13. Gas! GAS! Quick, boys!—An ecstasy of fumbling
Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time,
But someone still was yelling out and stumbling
And flound’ring like a man in fire or lime.—
Dim through the misty panes and thick green light,
As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.

14. In all my dreams before my helpless sight,
He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.

15. If in some smothering dreams, you too could pace
Behind the wagon that we flung him in,
And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,
His hanging face, like a devil’s sick of sin;
If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood
Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,
Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud
Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,—
My friend, you would not tell with such high zest
To children ardent for some desperate glory,
The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est
Pro patria mori.