1. jjkjk Justification of Practices Involving Exposure
To Ionizing Radiation
Alexander Buchanzow, Klaus Coy
Bavarian Environmental Agency, D Augsburg, Germany
IDENTIFY THE PRACTICE
Identify the „person“ responsible for
the practice („proposer“)
CHARACTERIZE THE PRACTICE
Benefits and detriments (optimized) (Health and Safety as well as others)
Quantify if possible
Non-radioactive
alternatives
Exposures in context of natural radiation or other sources
EVALUATE THE PRACTICE
Compare benefits and detriments,
taking account of other inputs
Ethical/cultural
considerations
Issues of principle
Environmental
DECISION ON WHETHER THE
PRACTICE IS JUSTIFIED
INVESTIGATION PROGRAMME
Lightning Preventors
Current Surge Protectors
Glassware, Tableware Incorporating Uranium and Thorium
Radioluminous Paints
Gaseous Tritium Light Sources
Ionization Chamber Smoke Detectors
X/Gamma Radiation Screening of Persons and Luggage
Leak Testing and Mass Flow Investigation
APPROACH
SCREENING OF PERSONS
DOSE ASSESSMENT
X/Gamma Radiation Scanner to Control Illegal Immigraion Accelerator, X-ray tube, radionuclide Personnel 500 µSv/a Immigrant µSv/attempt
Weapon, Explosive, Drug Control using X-ray transmission 1 – 2 mSv/scan using X-ray backscattering 0,1 µSv/scan
Explosive and Drug Control using ion-mobility-spectrometry Ni-63, Ba-133 as ionizing source dose exposure neglectable
Lightning preventor with 66 MBq Ra-226 sources
useless - unjustified
IONIZATION CHAMBER SMOKE DETECTORS
Effective Individual Doses 0, µSv/a Use-Disposal-Accident-Misuse
Problems Loss, Fire Debris, Theft
Alternatives Gas, Flame, Heat- opt. Detectors
Decision up to 100 kBq Am-241 acceptable higher activities not justified
TRITIUM CONSUMER GOODS
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DETRIMENT/BENEFIT-CONSIDERATION
Radiation Exposure of Personnel and „Victim“
Radiation Protection Measures
Investment and Operation Cost
Effective Controls
Prevention of Damage to Society
No Intrusive Full Body Examination
Reduction of Risks of Damage to Victim and Suspect Smuggling Persons, Explosives or Drugs
TABLEWARE WITH GLAZE
INCORPORATING URANIUM
External Exposure
Effective Beta Dose < 70 µSv/a
Internal Exposure (uranium leaching from glaze)
Max. Ingestion mg/a Uranium
Equivalent to µSv/a
WHO Recommendation 20 mg U/a
GLASSWARE INCORPORATING
URANIUM
Effective Beta, Gamma Dose
10 – 20 µSv/a
Internal Exposure
Max. Ingestion µg/a Uran
Equivalent to ,02 µSv/a
Disposal Items 8 µSva (worker)
figure 1: radon measurement by gamma spectrometry [Bq/l]
H-3 Glowrings (17 GBq each) nonsense
DOSE ASSESSMENT
Tritium Paints
50 watch models, Italy max. individ. effective dose equivalent Skin absorption and inhalation Wearing µSv/a Repair µSv/a Waste incineration pSv/a Accident Fire department store ,5 mSv/a Kleinkind Ingestion µSv/a
GTLS watches Wearing ,04 µSv/a Waste incineration ,04 µSv/a Accident (crushing) µSv/a
X-ray Transmission and Backscatter Screening